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Medicine > Limbs and Back Tests and Anatomy > Flashcards

Limbs and Back Tests and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What cytokines are released during tendon healing, and what is their function?

A

PDGF - chemotaxis

TGF beta - collagen type control

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2
Q

In primary Hyperparathyroidism what would you expect the blood results to show?

A

Increased PTH
Increased Ca2+
Decreased Phosphate

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3
Q

In Malignant Hyperparathyroidism, what would you expect the blood results to show?

A

Increased Ca2+

Reduced/ Suppressed PTH

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4
Q

What could be a cause of Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenoma of Parathyroid

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5
Q

What are the reasons for Hypocalcaemia?

A

Low Vitamin D - not enough sun light, unable to convert to active form - kidney failure.

Hypoparathyroidism - injury to parathyroid from surgery

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6
Q

What test can be conducted to test for carpel tunnel syndrome?

A

Phalen’s Test

Tinel’s Test

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7
Q

What is the angle of femoral neck and femoral shaft?

A

130 degrees

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8
Q

What test can be done to test for Ulnar Palsy?

A

Froment’s test

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9
Q

What is the unhappy triad? - usually caused by a lateral blow to the knee

A

Anterior cruciate
Medial collateral ligament
Medial Meniscus

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10
Q

Which muscle tilts the scapula?

A

Trapezius

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11
Q

What are the intrinsic back muscles covered by?

A

thoraco lumbar fasica

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12
Q

What structure passes through the intertubecler groove?

A

Long head of the biceps

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13
Q

Where does the cephalic vein travel down?

A

Clavipectoral triangle

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14
Q

Which nerve is flanked by the brachial artery?

A

Median nerve

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15
Q

What artery passes OVER the pronator teres?

A

Ulnar Artery

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16
Q

What artery passes UNDER the pronator teres?

A

Radial Artery

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17
Q

What vein is superficial to the bicep aponeurosis?

A

Median cubital vein

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18
Q

What structures lie deep to the bicep aponeurosis?

A

Median Nerve

Brachial Artery

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19
Q

What muscle is pierced by the deep branch of the radial nerve?

A

Supinator muscle

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20
Q

What is the injury that can occur to the baby during delivery, resulting in damage to the UPPER brachial plexus that leaves the child unable to lift or move arm but maybe wiggle fingers?

A

Erb’s Palsy

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21
Q

What is the injury that can occur to the baby during delivery, resulting in damage to the LOWER brachial plexus that leaves the child unable to flex or move intrinsic muscles of the hands?

A

Klumpke’s Palsy

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22
Q

What type of fracture can result in avascular necrosis of the hip?

A

Intracapsular fracture

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23
Q

What artery goes through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Internal pudendal artery

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24
Q

What structure makes up the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial aspect of the sartorious

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25
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve supply?

A

Gluteus Medius and minimus

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26
Q

What is Colles fracture and what deformity is commonly seen with it?

A

Colles fracture is a complete fracture of the distal end of the radius.

  • due to forced extension of an outstretched hand.
  • usually trying to break a fall.

[Fork deformity] is typically seen.

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27
Q

What is the foramen called that the spinal cord passes through in ONE vertebrae?

A

Vertebrae foramen

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28
Q

What is the space called that the spinal cord passes through when there is a uniting of the vertebrae?

A

Spinal canal

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29
Q

How many articular processes are there on a typical vertebrae and where are they?

A

4.

2 superior
2 inferior

30
Q

What nerve passes through the Quadrangular space?

A

Axillary nerve

31
Q

What structure separates the deep back muscles from the superficial?

A

Thoraco-lumbar fascia

32
Q

What is the function of Teres Major? and where does it insert?

A

Medial rotation of the arm.

Intertubercle sulcus of the humerus

33
Q

What is a myeloma?

A

Tumour in the bone marrow

34
Q

What is a suggestive feature of myopathy in children?

A

Having to use their arms to push of their legs to stand up from a sitting position
- difficulty getting up.

35
Q

Where does the pectoralis major insert?

A

Lateral border of bicipital groove

36
Q

What travels down the Clavipectoral triangle?

A

Cephalic vein

37
Q

Which artery flanks the median nerve?

A

Brachial

38
Q

What muscle does the musclecuntaneous nerve pierce?

A

Coracobrachialis

39
Q

Which nerve pierces the Supinator muscle?

A

Radial

40
Q

What is the site that gracilis, sartorius and semitendonsis insert into?

A

Pes Anserinus

41
Q

What is Alkock’s canal?

A

It is the pudendal canal found in the obturator internus

42
Q

What is flexion of the neck?

A

tilting head forward

43
Q

What are the important ligaments that strengthen the wrist joint?

A

Dorsal and planter ligaments

radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

44
Q

What ligament covers overs Guyon’s canal?

A

Palmer carpel ligament

45
Q

What is the basic blood supply through the hand?

A

2 palmer arteries

  • superficial
  • deep

1 dorsal artery

46
Q

What is the function of pectineus muscle?

A

Anterior Hip flexor

47
Q

What bursas are present around the the knee?

A

Anterior:

  • Supra patella
  • Infra petella

Posterior:
- popliteal bursa

48
Q

What makes up the adductor canal?

A

Medial:
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus

Lateral:
Vastus lateralis

Roof:
Anterior medial intramuscular septum

49
Q

What important ligament is used to support the foot that is also called the spring ligament?

A

Calconeonavicular ligament

50
Q

What is the Superior doorway to the thoracic cavity called?

A

Superior thoracic aperture

51
Q

What intercostal muscles don’t cover the anterior portion of the rib cage?

A

External intercostal

52
Q

What group of nerves form the subcostal nerve?

A

Anterior Ramus of T12.

53
Q

At the sternal angle, what vertebrae are directly across from it?

A

T4/ T5

54
Q

What ribs are “atypical” in their articulations?

A

1st Rib - only articulates with T1.

10 - 12 only articualte with corresponding vertebra

11 & 12 have no articulation with the transverse process

55
Q

How far does the diaphragm move during quiet breathing?

A

1-2 cm

56
Q

How far does the diaphragm move during forced breathing?

A

6-10cm

57
Q

What is the name of the surgical procedure that is used to initiate cartilage repair in partial thickness injuries?

A

Perforation of the subchondral bone.

- initiate IRR process.

58
Q

What surgical technique is used for cartilage healing that replaces the cartilage with grown chrondrocytes from another area of the bone?

A

Autologous Chondrocyte implantation

59
Q

What bursa is present around the elbow joint?

A

Olecranon Bursae

Subcuntaneous bursa of the lateral epicondyle
Subcuntaneous bursa of the medial epicondyle

Subtendious bursa of triceps

Bursa of anconeus

60
Q

Where is lister’s tubercle?

A

Dorsum of wrist, just distal to the radial styloid

61
Q

Whats the difference in movement available at the 1st Metacarpal phalangeal joint and the 2-5th MPJ?

A

1st - can only flex and extend

2-5th can

  • flex
  • extend
  • abduct
  • adduct
  • circumduct
62
Q

What artery passes under the anatomical snuff box?

A

Radial

63
Q

What makes up the anatomical snuff box?

A

Extensor Pollicis longus
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Pollicis Brevis

64
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A

Prevents the tibial sliding forward over the femur

65
Q

What is the function of PCL?

A

Prevents the tibial sliding back behind the femur

66
Q

What is the function of the Rhomboids?

A

Retract the scapula

Depress the glenoid cavity

67
Q

What is the main function of Latissimus dorsi?

A

Powerful adductor of the humours.

also plays role in extension internal rotation

68
Q

What are the muscle adaptations to endurance training?

A

increased fat metabolism

Increased mitochondria

Increased blood supply

increased in GLUT 4 receptors

69
Q

What are the initial responses to weight training?

A

neural response - 4-6 weeks

Hypertrophic response - 8-10 weeks

70
Q

What do the satellite cells differentiate into before making muscle fibres?

A

myotubus

Medicine (33 decks)

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