Renal

Question 1

What are the main functions of the Kidneys?

Answer 1

Homoeostasis - osmolarity, blood volume (therefore long-term blood pressure), excretion of waste - especially nitrogenous waste.

Hormone release - EPO and Activates Vit D

Question 2

What is the normal amount of urine produced a daily?

Answer 2

1.5-2L

Question 3

What is the anatomical name that the medullary pyramids drain into, and where does the glomerular filtrate go from there?

Answer 3

Renal Papilla > Minor Caylx > Major Caylx > Renal Pelvis > Pelviuretic Junction > Ureter > Bladder > Urthera

Question 4

Anatomically in the abdomen where are the kidneys?

Answer 4

Retroperitoneal

Question 5

Outline the BASIC blood supply to and through the kidneys.

Answer 5

Aorta > Renal Artery > Afferent Arterioles > Glomerulus > Efferent Arterioles > Vasa Recta > Renal Vein > Inferior Vena Cava

Question 6

The Nephron consists of TWO main parts, what are they?

Answer 6

Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubes

Question 7

The Renal tubes are made up of what? and what are there order?

Answer 7

Proximal convoluted tube > descending loop of Henle > Ascending Loop > Distal convoluted tube

Question 8

What are the types of Nephrons? and what are their percentages?

Answer 8

Cortical Nephrons - 80-85%

Juxtamedullary Nephrons - 15-20%

Question 9

What are the cells found within the Glomerulus? and their layers?

Answer 9

podocytes - form the visceral layer
Filtration membrane
Mesangial cells - which constrict

Question 10

What is the histology of the proximal convoluted tubules?

Answer 10

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli and brush border. Large amount of mitochondria

Question 11

Describe the histology of the loop of Henle

Answer 11

Descending is simple squamous
first part of ascending is simple squamous
distal ascending is Cuboidal epithelial

Question 12

What are the three layers the filtered must pass through to enter the bowman’s space?

Answer 12

Endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes

Question 13

What is special about the endothelial cells of the glomerulus vessels?

Answer 13

they contain fenestrations which are leaky pores, making them 50 times more permeable than regular epithelial cells.

Question 14

What factors control the pressure of the arterioles within the glomerulus?

Answer 14

Mesangial cells - if they constrict, less blood = less filtrate and vice verse

Efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter, increasing the the back pressure

The epithelial cells have fenestrations

membrane is thin and porus

Question 15

Where does the majority of filtration take place? what are some percentages?

Answer 15

Proximal convoluted tubule?
65%-70% of water and salt
100% of glucose
50% of Cl-

Question 16

How does the PCT reabsorb water and salt?

Answer 16

The Na/K ATPase pumps on the basolateral aspect pump sodium out, this creates a low intracellular concentration>

This then creates a electric/chemical gradient drawing Na2+ to cell.
- which is then pumped into the tissue. This creates a electrically charge across the tubules and tissue, drawing the negative Cl- out, which joins with the Na to make NaCl - salt.

This then creates an osmotic gradient and draws water out.

Question 17

What is the overall function of the Loop of Henle?

Answer 17

to concentrate the medulla to allow water to be reabsrobed by osmosis

Question 18

In the descending loop what is absorbed and what is the percentage of the overall filtrate of this is reabsorped?

Answer 18

Only Water. 20%

Question 19

What is reabsorped in the ascending loop? and what is not?

Answer 19

NaCl. water is not reabsrobed

Question 20

What is controls the re-absorption out of the collecting ducts?

Answer 20

ADH/ Vasopressin.

Question 21

Physically how does ADH/ Vasopressin increase absorption? and what receptor do they bind to?

Answer 21

Upregulation of Aquaporins

V2 receptors

Question 22

What is the normal osmolarity of blood?

Answer 22

~300 miliesmoles

Question 23

What is the condition where the kidneys during development fuse to form one large mass?

Answer 23

Horseshoe kidney

Question 24

How does the uterer pass urine into the bladder?

Answer 24

Peristalsis contractions

Question 25

What is the recommended intake of salt a day?

Answer 25

6g/per day

Question 26

What tissue makes up the uterer?

Answer 26

Transitional