Keeping people Healthy Flashcards
Why might people take up smoking?
Environment
personal issues
Social and cultural environment
What methods are in place to help stop smoking?
Smokefree services - specialised Dr’s and specialised to help with advise
Pharmacy - NRT
What factors are known to increase mental health problems in a deprived community?
Drug abuse
alcohol especially amongst younger generation
smoking
Lack of employment - this puts increased stress and also impacts the “purpose” of people.
all predispose to further diseases
How many conditions are directly linked to alcohol?
60 conditions.
including, mouth, throat and stomach cancer
What interventions can be done to decrease alcohol abuse?
Control availability: Price, advertisement
Make excessive consumption abnormal
Educate professionals
Research on risk and depreviation
What are some key benefits to increasing the price of alcohol to a minimum level?
It will predominantly affect those who already drink too much - whereas those drinking below the abnormal amount will only be partially affected.
Pubs won’t be affected as they already charge far passed the minimum price as it is
Whats a campaign that be introduced to benefit drinkers >50 years old?
Drink wise, age well.
set up by “Addaction”
What affects can alcohol miss-use have on people when they are older?
Alcohol related brain injury - memory problems
Social isolation
Falls
Depression and anxiety
Adverse reaction with medications
Obesogenic
Loss of independence/ loss of home
What social impacts can drug use have?
Relationship break downs - marriages
Home family life
Health and well being
Finances
Work
Education
What are ‘other’ side effects of drug use?
More risky behaviour:
- increased injuries
- sexual partners
- unwanted pregnancies
- Birth defects
What kind of effects can addiction have on one’s mental health?
Secretive self harming lying disconnected addiction placed above friends and family
What are the broad categories that influence smoking?
Individual
- Believes
- values
- education
- mental health
Personal environment
- friends
- school
- family
- social support
Social and cultural environment
- availability
- cultural
- social norms
- price
Define prevalence
This is looking at the total number of cases of a disease per population. it can be seen as the total burden of the disease on the population
Define Incidence
This is the number of new cases of a disease arising in a population in a given time.
Name a retrospective study
Case-controlled study
Name a prospective study
Cohort study
How is a case controlled study conducted and what information will it yield
This is where two groups of people are analysed, one with the disease/ condition in question and one group without (the control).
Differences in their exposures and life are analysed to determine associations and causation i.e. risk factors.
It will yield odd ratios
How is a cohort study conducted and what information will it yield?
This is where there is a systematic follow up of a group of people over a defined period of time to identify when a disease/ condition/ death may come about.
it helps to identify variable changes and exposures that may occurred to the individuals.
It may first be conducted in the place of an initial exposure to a group of people to identify what may come about.
Yields Relative risk
What is attributable risk?
The:
Incidence of disease in exposed - the incidence of disease in non exposed.
Allows us to see the impact that exposure has on developing the disease by seeing the absolute frequency that the exposure has to developing the disease over non exposed.
What is the calculation for attributable risk percentage?
Attributable risk must be first worked out.
Attributable risk/ incidence of disease in exposed x 100
Define epidemiology
This is the study of a disease in a population, assessing incidence, distribution, causation and associations. Supplying information for better understanding and management of disease.
Essentially the How and why of a disease.
What is SMR?
What does it show?
Standardisation Mortality/ Morbidity ratio
Shows the effect that a disease has on causing mortality in a given population, accounting for population volumes.
Anything over a 100 is considered higher than normal.
i.e. cancer rates in Glasgow are 140 = 40% above normal.
What factors may lead to false impressions from a study? - especially regarding new treatments
- self limiting diseases
- natural remissions of diseases - RA
- Patients receiving both conventional and new treatment - which one worked?
- Placebo effect
- Observer bias
- Small numbers
- Financial interest - many are backed by pharmaceutical companies
- Hidden data
What are the three broad categories to consider when assessing the results of a study?
- can i trust the results?
- Am I impressed by the size, scale of the results?
- Would I use this treatment on my patients?
What is the recommended alcohol intake per week, in units?
Males and females now: 14 units
This should be spread across consecutive days if this much is consumed.
What is attributable risk useful for?
Establishing the impact that removing risk factors has on the the incidence/ prevalence of disease
Why can’t case controlled studies be used to calculate incidence or relative risk?
Because one group does not have the disease, therefore the relationship between those non-exposed who still develop the disease can’t be measured.
What can the odds ratio be useful for?
Rare diseases
Should screening be highly sensitive or specific?
Highly Sensitive to avoid false negatives
What would reduce the level of false negatives?
Increased sensitivity
If a very sensitive test comes back negative, what is likely hood of the person having the disease?
Very low, as a sensitive test produces very few False negatives.
A very specific test comes back positive, what is the likely hood of the person having the disease?
Very high, as a specific test produces very few false positives.
What is an advantage and disadvantage of RCTs?
Excellent internal consistency
Not always applicable to real life - poor generalization
What is an advantage and disadvantage of a real life study?
Good external validly
Can be easily contaminated
A condition caused by illness, injury or congenital that causes differences in physiological psychological function is called?
impairment
