Cardio-respiratory anatomy

Question 1

How far does the diaphragm move during forced breathing?

Answer 1

6-10 cm

Question 2

What level does the diaphragm attach?

Answer 2

L1 - L3

L3 - right
L1 - left

Question 3

What is the sensory nerves for the diaphragm?

Answer 3

Lower intercostal nerves (T6 - 11)

Subcostal (T12)

Question 4

What effect on breathing would spinal cord damaged from C7 downwards have?

Answer 4

[Paradoxical breathing]

ribs move inwards during respiration - no muscle tone to resist the negative interthroacic pressures.

Question 5

What is Chyothorax?

Answer 5

Lipid rich lymph fluid in the pleural cavity

Question 6

What is empyema?

Answer 6

Pus in the pleural cavity

Question 7

What affect would obstruction of a bronchus have on the lung?

Answer 7

Atelectasis

Question 8

What internal structure deos the muscles of the ventricles have?

Answer 8

Trabeculae carnae

Question 9

What does the posterior mediastinum contain?

Answer 9

Oesophagus

descending thoracic aorta

azygos vein

thoracic duct

Question 10

What is the node on the supraclavicular area called?

Answer 10

Virchow’s node

Question 11

If there is swelling of Virchows node, what is this referred to as?

Answer 11

Trosier’s sign

Question 12

Where do the sympathetic fibres for the heart originate from?

Answer 12

T1 - T4

Question 13

What is it called when the stomach protrudes into the thoracic space?

Answer 13

Hiatus Hernia

Question 14

What type of epithelium does the large bronchioles have?

Answer 14

Simple ciliated COLUMNAR epithelium

Question 15

As the bronchioles decrease in size, what type of epithelium arises?

and what is there an increase of?

Answer 15

Simple cubodial with some ciliated cells.

Increase in Club cells

Question 16

What percentage do Type I pneumocytes make up and what space do they occupy?

Answer 16

Make up 40% of the cells.

Take up 95% of the space

Question 17

What makes up the Epicardium?

Answer 17

Adipose tissue
- which vessels are in

Mesothelial cells
- make up visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 18

I general what is different about veins compared to arteries?

Answer 18

Thinner tunica Media than the tunica adventitia

Question 19

What makes up the tunica adventita?

Answer 19

The outer most part of a vessel. Made up of connective tissue and vaso vasorum

Question 20

The aorta pierces the diaphragm at T12. Whatelse pierces through with it?

Answer 20

Thoracic duct

Azygos vein

Question 21

What level does the vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 21

T10. with the oesphagus

Question 22

Between what muscles does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie?

Answer 22

inbetween the internal and innermost costal muscles.

inferior to the rib, in the rib groove.

Question 23

What is the top of the manubrium called?

Answer 23

Suprasternal notch

Question 24

What nerve loop under the aortic arch and supplies the left aspect of the larnyx

Answer 24

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 25

What is the muscle pattern seen in the atrium’s called?

Answer 25

Musculae pectinati