Cardiovascular disease Flashcards
What is the name of the fatty deposits seen around the eye lids in people with hyperlipidaemia?
Xanthelasma
What is the name of the fatty deposits seen around the cornea of the eye in hyperlipidaemia?
Arcus Senilis
What is the name of the fatty tags seen on the skin, usually around elbows in those why hyperlipidaemia?
Axanthomas
How might vascular remodelling be brought about by increased blood pressure?
Increased sheer stress causing endothelial damage.
Increased sheer stress damaging underlying collagen
Increased stretch of the walls causing damaging to elastin.
all these factors of damage induce TGF-B, IL-1 and other growth factors. which all promote remodelling.
What are some of the secondary hypertensive causes?
Atherosclerosis
Vasculitis
- these then can affect the blood flow to the glomelulus and trigger renin release. increasing blood volume.
Tumours that increase aldosterone release
Malignant hypertension, what is it and what are the immediate dangers?
This is stage III hypertension.
- >180/>110
It can cause increased intracranial pressure
- stroke
- compression
Immediate organ damage
On an ECG how do you quickly work out heart rate?
300 / number of large squares between each QRS complex
i.e. 300/ 4 = 75bpm
List non-invasive investigation to assess the heart.
ECG
Ultrasound
- trans-thoracic
- transoesphageal
- Doppler
- Stress test
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance
Auscultation
Palpation
What are the grades of hypertension?
Grade 1: 140-159/ 90-99
Grade 2: 160 - 179/ 100 - 109
Grade 3: >180 / > 110
What does thrombomodulin do?
Activates protein C to deactivate factors V and VIII
What are pros and cons of nuclear testing of the heart?
Pros
- availability
Cons
- Radiation
- no structure of the heart is given
What are the pros and cons of cardiac CT?
Pros
- Specific for CAD
- Low risk
Cons:
- Radiation dose
- Requires low heart rate
- No functional assessment of ischemia
When would you use invasive angiography and what are pros and cons?
Would use it when there is significant ischemia present. Can also be used for valve assessment.
Also used for Assessment of ventricular pressures.
Pros:
- Gold standard
- Option for intervention at same procedure
- Availability
Cons:
- Radiation
- Damage and bleeding
What are the pros and cons of cardiac MRI?
pros
- gold standard for LV assessment
- reproducible
- no radiation
Cons:
- cost
- availability
- Small space for long time
- pacemakers can’t enter
