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ZZZ - General Zoology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

process of producing offspring that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism

A

reproduction

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2
Q

Two (2) modes of reproduction

A
  1. Asexual reproduction
  2. Sexual reproduction
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3
Q
  • a single parent produces offspring
  • all offspring are genetic replicas of the parent and identical to one another
A

asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Binary fission
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Regeneration
  5. Parthenogenesis
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5
Q
  • occurs in single-celled organisms
  • parent cell divides itself into two
A

binary fission

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6
Q

offspring grows out of the body of the parent

A

budding

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7
Q

offspring grows from a broken piece of body of an organism

A

fragmentation

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8
Q
  • modified form of fragmentation
  • when a body part of an organism detaches from the parent body, it grows into a completely new individual
A

regeneration

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9
Q

egg develops without fertilization

A

parthenogenesis

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10
Q

example of organisms that undergo binary fission

A

bacteria

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11
Q

example of organisms that undergo budding

A

hydra

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12
Q

example of organisms that undergo fragmentation

A

coral

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13
Q

example of organisms that undergo regeneration

A

planarian

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14
Q

example of organisms that undergo parthenogenesis

A
  • bees
  • wasps
  • ants
  • aphids
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15
Q
  • two parent produce haploid gametes (egg and sperm) that combine at fertilization
  • each resulting offspring has a unique combination of paternal and maternal genes
A

sexual reproduction

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16
Q

produce both eggs and sperm

A

hermaphrodites

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17
Q

the same organism has both the male and female sex organs and produces both types of gametes

A

Simultaneous hermaphrodite

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18
Q

an organism switches from its inborn sex to the opposite sex

A

Sequential hermaphroditism

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19
Q

example of simultaneous hermaphrodite

A
  • tapeworms
  • some roundworms
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20
Q

example of sequential hermaphrodite

A
  • teleost fishes
  • oyster
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21
Q

Mechanisms of Fertilization

A
  1. Internal Fertilization
  2. External Fertilization
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22
Q

the fusion of gametes happen inside the female body

A

internal fertilization

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23
Q

Ways offspring are produced by internal fertilization

A
  1. Oviparity
  2. Viviparity
  3. Ovoviviparity
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24
Q

the female has fertilized eggs laid outside its body

A

oviparity

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25
Q

the offspring develops within the female and is nourished by the mother’s blood in the placenta

A

viviparity

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26
Q

fertilized eggs nourish the young from its yolk; lay the eggs when they are ready to hatch

A

ovoviviparity

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27
Q

example of animals that are oviparous

A
  • frogs
  • lizards
  • birds
  • fishes
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28
Q

example of animals that are viviparous

A

mammals

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29
Q

example of animals that are ovoviviparous

A
  • flies
  • sharks
  • rays
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30
Q

the fusion of gametes happen outside the female body

A

external fertilization

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31
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. no need for mate
  2. less time and energy
  3. reliable
  4. produces large number of offspring very quickly
  5. require less parental care
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32
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. very little genetic variation in population
  2. harmful mutation in parent will be passed on to all offspring
  3. entire population of genetically-identical organisms can go extinct if there is change in environment
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33
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. each offspring is unique
  2. more genetic variation
  3. population able to adapt changes in environment
  4. increased diversity
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34
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. time and energy to find mate
  2. fewer offspring
  3. more time to develop offspring
  4. tends to require more parental care
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35
Q

Factors that affects the success of reproduction

A
  1. Predation
  2. Environment
  3. Human Interaction
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36
Q

Male Reproductive Anatomy

A
  1. Produces sperm cells
  2. Regulated by hormones
  3. Varies from species to species
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37
Q

The bag of skin that holds and helps to protect the testicles.

A

Scrotum

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38
Q
  • One of two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones
  • Also called testicle
A

testis

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39
Q
  • A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to each of the testicles
  • sperm cells move from the testicles into it, where they finish maturing and are stored.
A

epididymis

40
Q

A coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes

A

vas deferens

41
Q

the site of spermatogenesis where germ cells develop into spermatozoa in close interaction with Sertoli cells

A

seminiferous tubules

42
Q

cells closest to the surface are ___

A

immature

43
Q

cells closest to the lumen are ___ ___

A

candidate sperms

44
Q

Sperm head

A
  • contain DNA
  • tip of the sperm head = acrosome
  • midpiece contains the mitochondria which supplies energy tail needs to move
45
Q

contains enzymes that break down the outer membrane of an egg cell, allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg

A

acrosome

46
Q
  • production of mature spermatozoa from spermatids
  • a spermatozoon is produced from a spermatid
A

Spermiogenesis

47
Q
  • formation of motile spermatozoa from spermatogonium
  • four functional spermatozoa are produced from a spermatogonium
A

Spermatogenesis

48
Q

sperm + other materials = ___

A

semen

49
Q

paired ductal structures which secrete fluid that will form part of the semen

A

seminal vesicles

50
Q

mix the sperm stored in the ampulla with fluids secreted by the seminal vesicles and to transport these substances to the prostate

A

ejaculatory duct

51
Q

produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid)

A

prostate gland

52
Q
  • Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man’s body during orgasm
  • contains sugar as an energy source for sperm
A

Seminal fluid

53
Q

produce thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation that drains into the spongy urethra

A

Cowper’s gland

54
Q

Cowper’s glands are also known as ___ ___

A

bulbourethral glands

55
Q

What does the Cowper’s gland secrete

A

alkaline mucus-like fluid

56
Q

attached to the pubic symphysis, which holds the penis close to the pubic bone and supports it when erect

A

suspensory ligament

57
Q

hold and stabilize the prostate against the pubic bone

A

Puboprostatic ligaments

58
Q

traversed by the urethra (membranous portion) and the ducts of the bulbourethral glands, along with several accompanying vessels and nerves

A

perineal membrane

59
Q

located at the same level as the membranous urethra and is composed of circular muscle fibers

A

external urethral sphincter

60
Q

the male sexual organ

A

penis

61
Q

forms most of the penis and contains blood vessels that fill with blood to help make an erection

A

corpus cavernosum

62
Q
  • refers to the head of the penis
  • supplied with nerve endings and is partly or wholly sheathed
A

glans penis

63
Q

outer layer of skin that covers the head of the penis

A

foreskin

64
Q

Opening where urine and sperm (in males) leaves the body

A

urethral opening

65
Q

Female Reproductive Anatomy

A
  1. produces egg cells (oogenesis)
  2. ovarian and uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)
  3. regulated by hormones
66
Q

growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum

A

oogenesis

67
Q

medical term used when there are no sperm in the ejaculate

A

Azoospermia

68
Q

thick, white, cheesy substance that collects under the foreskin of the penis

A

Smegma

69
Q

medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

Sildenafil

70
Q

One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made

A

ovary

71
Q

female reproductive hormones

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
72
Q

group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women

A

Estrogens

73
Q
  • hormone that occurs naturally in the body
  • involved in pregnancy and is produced mainly in the ovaries
A

Progesterone

74
Q

either of a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus

A

Uterine/ Fallopian Tube

75
Q

hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum

A

uterus

76
Q

The layer of tissue that lines the uterus

A

endometrium

77
Q
  • passes through the cervix
  • allows blood from a menstrual period and a baby (fetus) to pass from the womb into the vagina
A

cervical canal

78
Q

occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus

A

ectopic pregnancy

79
Q

The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina

A

cervix

80
Q

elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that provides lubrication and sensation

A

vagina

81
Q

Ovary of chickens

A
  • stalk of ovary
  • empty follicle
82
Q
  • funnel-shaped and lies adjacent to the ovary
  • has the function of searching for and engulfing the yolk that has just been released from the follicle into the adjacent ovarian pocket or body cavity
  • 9 cm
A

Infundibulum

83
Q
  • longest segment at up to 40 centimetres long
  • function is to add approximately 40% of the albumen to the developing egg that takes about three hours to move through
A

magnum

84
Q

where the inner and outer shell membranes form

A

isthmus

85
Q

serve as the mating organs of chicken

A

papillae (plural of papilla)

86
Q

where feces and eggs exit her body and sperm enter

A

cloaca

87
Q

the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris

A

prepuce

88
Q
  • sensitive area located on the top of your vulva
  • touching the area can make you feel sexually aroused and lead to climax, or an orgasm
A

clitoris

89
Q

(outer lips) are usually fleshy and covered with pubic hair

A

labia majora

90
Q

The external opening of the transport tube that leads from the bladder to discharge urine outside the body in a female

A

urethral orifice

91
Q

(inner lips) two inner skin folds that surround the opening of the vagina

A

labia minora

92
Q

opening to the vagina itself

A

vaginal orifice

93
Q

begins at the front of the vulva and extends to the anus

A

perineal raphe

94
Q

hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

95
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the ___ during pregnancy

A

placenta

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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