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ZZZ - General Zoology > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main waste product

A

ammonia

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2
Q

what is the main organ of the excretory system

A

kidneys

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3
Q

how do organisms control osmotic pressure and maintain acid-base balance

A

excretion

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4
Q

what does excretion promotes

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

body’s attempt to maintain a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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6
Q

process of removing wastes and excess water from the body

A

excretion

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7
Q
  • biological system that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous materials from an organism
  • help maintain homeostasis within the organism
  • prevent damage to the body
A

excretory system

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8
Q
  • sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation
  • pumps water out of the cell
A

contractile vacuole

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9
Q

main excretory organ of vertebrates

A

kidney

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10
Q

basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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11
Q

ancestral vertebrate kidney, retained by larvae of hagfish and of some caecilians and occurring in the embryos of higher animals.

A

archinephros

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12
Q

Three (3) developmental stages of kidney

A
  1. Pronephros
  2. Mesonephros
  3. Metanephros
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13
Q
  • first kidney to appear
  • located anteriorly in the body
A

pronephros

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14
Q

example of adult animals with pronephros

A

hagfish

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15
Q
  • more advanced than pronephros
  • centrally located
  • functional kidney of embryonic amniotes
A

mesonephros

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16
Q

example of adult animals with mesonephros

A
  • amphibians
  • most fishes
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17
Q

embryonic kidneys of animals with amniotic fluid

A

mesonephros

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18
Q
  • most advanced form
  • more caudally located, larger, and more compact structure
  • drained by a new duct (ureter)
A

metanephros

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19
Q

organ that produces gametes

A

gonad

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20
Q

a funnel-shaped opening in a kidney through which waste leaves a nephridium

A

nephrostomes

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21
Q

one of a pair of tubes that carry urine from primitive or embryonic kidneys to the exterior or to a primitive bladder

A

Archinephric Duct

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22
Q

predecessor of the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)

A

pronephric duct

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23
Q
  • a highly convoluted duct behind the testis
  • derived from mesonephric tubules
A

epididymis

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24
Q

where is the epididymis derived from

A

mesonephric tubules

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25
Q

tiny network of blood vessels that are the “cleaning units” of your kidney

A

Glomeruli

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26
Q
  • an embryonal paired structure in mammals that differentiates into the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles in males.
A

mesonephric duct

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27
Q

permanent kidney in reptiles, birds, and mammals, developing by the 10th week in human embryos from the lower part of the Wolffian duct, and replacing the embryonic structure called the mesonephros

A

metanephros

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28
Q

Where is the word nephron from

A

Greek word nephros

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29
Q

meaning of nephros

A

kidney

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30
Q
  • regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts
  • filter blood
  • reabsorb what is needed
  • excrete waste as urine
A

nephrons

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31
Q

Three functions of nephrons

A
  1. glomerular filtration of water and solutes from the blood
  2. tubular reabsorption of water and conserved molecules back to the blood
  3. tubular secretion of ions and other waste products from surrounding capillaries into distal tubule
32
Q

Components of Nephrons

A
  1. Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
33
Q
  • capillary tuft that receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation
  • fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman’s capsule
A

glomerulus

34
Q
  • surrounds the glomerulus
  • composed of visceral (simple squamous epithelial cells; inner) and parietal (simple squamous epithelial cells; outer) layers
  • visceral layer only allows fluid and small molecules like glucose and ions like sodium to pass through into the nephron
A

Bowman’s capsule

35
Q

first site of water reabsorption into the bloodstream, and the site where the majority of water and salt reabsorption takes place

A

proximal tubule

36
Q
  • long U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney of reptiles, birds, and mammals
  • function is in recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine
A

Loop of Henle

37
Q
  • final site of reabsorption in the nephron
  • Unlike the other components, its permeability to water is variable depending on a hormone stimulus to enable the complex regulation of blood osmolarity, volume, pressure, and pH
A
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
38
Q

Excretory organs of invertebrates

A
  1. Nephridium
  2. Antennal glands
  3. Malpighian tubules
39
Q
  • an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and function similar to kidney
  • remove metabolic wastes from an animal’s body
A

nephridium

40
Q

Two (2) basic types of nephridium

A
  1. Protonephridium
  2. Metanephridium
41
Q
  • simplest form of nephridium
  • also called the flame cell system
  • primitive invertebrates lacking a circulatory system
  • excretes nitrogenous wastes (mainly ammonia)
  • closed system
A

Protonephridium

42
Q

what is the main nitrogenous waste that protonephridium excrete

A

ammonia

43
Q

type of system of protonephridium

A

closed

44
Q

Protonephridium:
Where does the fluid enter the tubules

A

flame cells

45
Q

Animal with protonephridia

A

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

46
Q

Where the fluid in the body cavity filters into if it possesses cilia

A

flame cell

47
Q
  • propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface
  • also draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration
A

cilia

48
Q

The ciliated tubules filter fluid from the body cavity and carry waste, including excess ions, through openings called ___

A

nephrostomes

49
Q
  • more advanced type of nephridium
  • occurs in an organism that have both well-developed blood vascular system and a fluid filled coelom
  • excretes urine
A

metanephridium

50
Q

what does metanephridium excrete

A

urine

51
Q

Metanephridium - __ or the __ nephridium

A

open or the true nephridium

52
Q

Metanephridium:
inner end of tubules

A

nephrostome

53
Q

Metanephridium:
outer end of tubules

A

nephridiopore

54
Q

Nephrostome and nephridiopore are __

A

open

55
Q

examples of animals with metanephridia

A
  • annelids
  • mollusks
  • arthropods
56
Q

surrounds the metanephridium

A

capillaries

57
Q

Difference between protonephridium and metanephridium:
opening

A

Protonephridium
- inner end is closed

Metanephridium
- both ends are open

58
Q

Difference between protonephridium and metanephridium:
blood vessels and coelom

A

Protonephridium
- absent

Metanephridium
- present

59
Q

Difference between protonephridium and metanephridium:
waste it excretes

A

Protonephridium
- ammonia

Metanephridium
- urine

60
Q
  • advanced design of the basic nephridial organ
  • filtration organ of crustaceans
A

antennal glands

61
Q

animals with antennal glands

A

crustaceans

62
Q

contains ion regulatory cells similar to those in the proximal tubule of the mammalian kidney

A

labyrinth

63
Q
  • part of the unique excretory system of the spiders and insects
  • thin, elastic, blind tubule that is closed and lacks an arterial supply
  • connected to the hindgut and midgut
A

Malpighian tubules

64
Q

animals with malpighian tubules

A

insects

65
Q

Different excretory organs

A
  1. Individual cells
  2. flame cells
  3. nephridia
  4. malpighian tubules
  5. kidneys
66
Q

The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

ureter

67
Q

The organ that stores urine

A

urinary bladder

68
Q
  • The tube through which urine leaves the body
  • empties urine from the bladder.
A

urethra

69
Q

large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys

A

renal arteries

70
Q

The main blood vessel that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava

A

renal vein

71
Q
  • filters blood
  • the outer layer of the kidney
A

renal cortex

72
Q
  • regulates water and salts in the blood
  • the inner part of the kidney
A

renal medulla

73
Q

small structures that contain strings of nephrons and tubules

A

renal pyramids

74
Q

closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside

A

renal capsule

75
Q

vertical slit on the medial border of the kidney, which is bound by the thick lips of the renal substance

A

renal hilum

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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