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ZZZ - General Zoology > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

Allows genetic information to be inherited from a parent cell to daughter cells (by mitosis) and from generation to generation (starting with meiosis)

A

DNA replication

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2
Q

Where the replication of chromosomal DNA begins

A

Origins of Replication (ORI)

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3
Q

Unwinds and separates the parental DNA strands

A

Helicase

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4
Q
  • Each nucleotide is bounded by a _________ which keeps the strands from re-healing (coming back together)
  • Stabilizes the unwound parental strands
A

Single-stranded Binding Protein

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5
Q

An enzyme that helps relieve the strain of the double helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.

A

Topoisomerase

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6
Q

At each end of a replication bubble is a _______ ____, a Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound.

A

Replication fork

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7
Q

Synthesizes RNA primers, using the parental DNA as template

A

Primase

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8
Q

An initial nucleotide chain that can be used as a pre-existing chain that is produced during DNA synthesis (short stretch of RNA)

A

Primer

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9
Q

New strand that DNA strands encode

A

“leading strand”

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10
Q

Lays the leading strand continuously and moves toward the helicase

A

DNA Polymerase III

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11
Q

other new strand that the other DNA strand which runs in the opposite direction encodes

A

“lagging strand”

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12
Q

formed when the DNA pol III adds DNA nucleotides to the primer

A

Okazaki fragment 1

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13
Q

forms a bond between the newest DNA and the DNA of fragment 1 (links the two Okazaki fragments together)

A

DNA ligase

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14
Q

replace the RNA primer (between the two Okazaki fragments) with DNA

A

DNA Polymerase I

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15
Q

using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase III

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16
Q

other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors

A

mismatch repair

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17
Q

DNA-cutting enzyme

A

Nuclease

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18
Q

every double helix in the new generation of an organism consists of one complete “old” strand and one complete “new” strand wrapped around each other.

A

Semiconservative

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19
Q

Synthesis in __ to __ direction

A

5’ to 3’

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20
Q

a large protein complex that carries out DNA replication, starting at the replication origin.

A

replisome

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21
Q

Models of DNA Replication

A
  1. Conservative Model
  2. Semiconservative Model
  3. Dispersive Model
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22
Q
  • Only transcribes rRNA genes
  • Makes ribosomes
A

RNA polymerase 1

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23
Q

Transcribes genes into mRNA (messenger)

A

RNA polymerase 2

24
Q

Only transcribes tRNA (transfer) genes

A

RNA polymerase 3

25
Q

Building mRNA

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
26
Q

Assembly of initiation complex

A

Initiation

27
Q

Adding N-bases bases

A

Elongation

28
Q

two types of termination in building mRNA

A
  1. Rho-dependent
  2. Rho-independent
29
Q
  • Protein factor Rho
  • Rho protein will go after the RNA polymerase and detach it from the template.
A

Rho-dependent

30
Q

RNA polymerase encounters a GC sequence that has a triple bond

A

Rho-independent (GC-rich)

31
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA need work after transcription

A

Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)

32
Q
  • mRNA splicing = edit out introns
  • Protect mRNA from enzymes in cytoplasm
  • Add 5’ cap
  • Add polyA tail
A

mRNA processing (making mature mRNA)

33
Q

non coding (inbetween) sequences

A

Introns

34
Q

coding (expressed) sequences

A

Exons

35
Q
  • Proteins
  • Fold the intron and cut them out of the mRNA
A

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

36
Q
  • Several snRNPS
  • Recognize splice site sequence
  • Cut and paste
A

Spliceosome

37
Q

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote genes

A

Prokaryote
- DNA in cytoplasm
- Circular chromosome
- Naked DNA
- No introns

Eukaryote
- DNA in nucleus
- Linear chromosomes
- DNA wound on histone proteins
- Introns vs. exons

38
Q
  • Triplet of bases
  • Blocks of 3 nucleotides decoded into the sequence of amino acids
A

Codons

39
Q

Translation in Prokaryotes

A

Bacterial chromosome > transcription > mature mRNA > translation > protein

40
Q

Transcription and translation are simultaneous in bacteria

A
  • DNA is in cytoplasm
  • No mRNA editing
  • Ribosomes read mRNA as it is being transcribed
41
Q

Who determined the 3-letter (triplet) codon system

A

Crick

42
Q
  • Determined mRNA-amino acid match
  • Added fabricated mRNA to test tube of ribosomes, tRNA and amino acids
  • Created artificial UUUUU… mRNA
A

Nirenberg (1960) and Khorana (1968)

43
Q

UUU coded for __

A

Phenylalanine

44
Q

Strongest support for a common origin for all life

A

Code for ALL life

45
Q
  • Several codons for each amino acid
  • 3rd base “wobble”
A

Code is redundant

46
Q

Start codon

A
  • AUG
  • Methionine
47
Q

Stop codons

A
  • UGA
  • UAA
  • UAG
48
Q

Why is wobble good?

A

Buffer for mutation

49
Q

Transfer RNA structure

A

“Clover leaf” structure

50
Q
  • Enzyme which bonds amino acid to tRNA
  • Bond requires energy
  • ATP > AMP
  • Energy stored in tRNA-amino acid bond
A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

51
Q

Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

A

Ribosomes

52
Q

2 subunits ribosomal RNA

A
  • Large
  • Small
53
Q

Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain

A

A site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)

54
Q

Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

A

P site (peptidyl-tRNA site)

55
Q

Empty tRNA leaves ribosome from ___ ___

A

E site (exit site)

56
Q

Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA

A

Initiation

57
Q

Adding amino acids based on codon sequence

A

Elongation

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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