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z - General Zoology > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q
  • energy from food is released by oxidative processes, usually with molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
  • oxygen is taken into the body across a respiratory surface
A

respiration

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2
Q

oxidative processes that occur within cells

A

cellular respiration

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3
Q

exchange of gasses between blood and tissues

A

internal respiration

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4
Q

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment

A

external respiration

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5
Q

To allow diffusion of gases across an aqueous phase, respiratory surfaces must be __ and always kept __

A

thin
wet

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6
Q

lungs

A

aerial respiration

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7
Q

gills

A

aquatic respiration

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8
Q
  • frequently supplements gill or lung breathing in larger animals such as amphibians and fishes
  • gas exchange occur across skin or outer integument
A

cutaneous respiration

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9
Q

respire through a system of tubes called tracheae that connect to the air via spiracles that can be actively opened or closed

A

tracheal respiration

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10
Q

valvelike openings

A

spiracles

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11
Q

branching system of tubes

A

tracheae

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12
Q

smallest end channels of tracheae are fluid-filled

A

tracheoles

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13
Q

gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits

A

external gills

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14
Q

animal with external gills example

A

axolotl

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15
Q

the structure formed from the outgrowth of pharynx inside the body, consisting of gill slits, which is used to increase the rate of diffusion of gases and help in counter-current mechanism

A

internal gills

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16
Q

help in crawling, swimming, and respiration

A

parapodia

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17
Q

thin filamentous structures, richly supplied with blood vessels arranged so that blood flow is opposite to the flow of water

A

fish gills

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18
Q

arrangement that provides greatest possible extraction of oxygen from the water

A

countercurrent flow

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19
Q

branchial pump

A
  • mouth
  • opercular cavities
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20
Q

gill ventilation often assisted by the fish’s forward movement through the water with its mouth open

A

ram ventilation

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21
Q

have lungs that can be ventilated by muscle movements to produce a rhythmic exchange of air

A

terrestrial vertebrates

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22
Q

vary from simple, smooth-walled, baglike lungs of some salamanders to the subdivided lungs of frogs and toads

A

amphibian lungs

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23
Q

total surface available for gas exchange is much in lungs which are subdivided into numerous interconnecting air sacs

A

nonavian reptiles

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24
Q

contains millions of small sacs (alveoli) each intimately associated with a rich vascular network

A

mammalian lungs

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25
Q

disadvantage of lungs

A
  1. gas exchange is between blood and air only in alveoli and alveolar ducts
  2. dead space - volume of air in lungs that does not participate in gas exchange
  3. air must enter and exit through the same channel
26
Q

one-cell-thick air capillaries

A

parabronchi

27
Q

Parabronchi in birds receive nearly fresh air during both ___ and ___

A

inspiration
expiration

28
Q

(amphibians)
action to force air into their lung

A

positive pressure

29
Q

(amphibians)
air is pulled into the lungs by expansion of the thoracic cavity

A

negative pressure

30
Q

upper respiratory tract

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
31
Q

lower respiratory tract

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
32
Q

nostrils

A

external nares

33
Q

Three (3) important changes the air undergoes in its passage to the air sacs

A
  1. filtered free from most dust and other foreign substances
  2. warmed to body temperature
  3. saturated with moisture
34
Q

covers the lungs and interlobar fissures

A

visceral pleura

35
Q

lines the inner surface of the walls of the chest

A

parietal pleura

36
Q

“space” between the pleura

A

pleural cavity

37
Q

lungs maintains a __ __ or the __ __ __ that keeps the lungs expanded to fill the pleural cavity, and therefore no real pleural space exits

A

partial vacuum or
negative intrapleural pressure

38
Q

chest cavity is floored by the ___

A

diaphragm

39
Q
  • to fall below atmospheric pressure
  • air rushes in through passageways to equalize pressure
A

intrapulmonary pressure

40
Q

less active process than inspiration

A

normal expiration

41
Q

occurs during exercise

A

forced expiration

42
Q

neurons in ___ of the brain regulate normal, quiet breathing

A

medulla

43
Q
  • located close to the heart and the neck region
  • monitor peripheral changes in blood levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions and send stimulatory signals to the medulla respiratory centers if these levels rise
A

peripheral chemoreceptors

44
Q

becomes saturated with water vapor as it travels through the air-filled passageways toward the alveoli

A

inspired air

45
Q

___ ___ of oxygen drops and that of carbon dioxide rises

A

partial pressure

46
Q

air from the alveoli mixes with air in the dead space to produce still a different mixture

A

expiration

47
Q

red, iron-containing protein present in all vertebrates and many invertebrates

A

hemoglobin

48
Q

each molecule of hemoglobin is __ __ and __ __

A

5% heme
95% globin

49
Q

iron-containing compound giving the red color to blood

A

heme

50
Q

colorless protein

A

globin

51
Q

each gram of hemoglobin can carry a maximum of approx. ___ __ of oxygen

A

1.3 mL

52
Q

How does hemoglobin bind with oxygen

A

when oxygen concentration is high

53
Q

hemoglobin with bound oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin

54
Q
  • a result of the effect carbon dioxide has on hemoglobins affinity for oxygen
  • The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity
A

Bohr effect

55
Q

A lower pH also shifts the hemoglobin saturation curve to the right and causes ___ of oxygen to active tissue

A

release

56
Q
  • blue, copper-containing protein
  • crustaceans and most molluscs
A

hemocyanin

57
Q
  • green-colored, iron-containing pigment
  • four families of polychaete tubeworms
A

chlorocruorin

58
Q
  • red pigment found in some polychaete worms
  • although it contains iron, this metal is not present in a heme group
  • oxygen-carrying capacity is poor compared to hemoglobin
A

hemerythrin

59
Q

hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin

A

deoxyhemoglobins

60
Q

a chemical complex formed by carbon dioxide and hemoglobin after the release of oxygen by the hemoglobin to a tissue cell

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

z - General Zoology (23 decks)

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