Quiz 4 and 5 Flashcards
chromosomes in eukaryotes are short and condensed structures visible during ______
cell division
identical sister chromatids are bound at the _____
centromere
is where microtubules attach during mitosis
kinetochore
are TTAGGG sequence repeats at the ends of chromosomes and is important in aging
telomere
Nucleic acids have monomers called _____ while proteins are made up of the monomers _____
nucleotides
amino acids
The nitrogenous bases are categorized into two. Adenine and guanine are _____ while cytosine, thymine, and uracil are _____
purine (A, G)
pyrimidine (C, T, U)
The type of replication that is observed in most of the living systems is _____
semi-conservative
lays down RNA primer for the replication of the lagging strand
RNA Primase
responsible in the synthesis of new DNA strands
DNA Polymerase III
cuts open the double helix to expose the replication templates
Helicase
seals the gap between Okazaki fragments at the lagging strand
DNA ligase
stabilizes the DNA single strands to prevent them from winding
Single-strand binding protein
eukaryotic transcription occurs in what part of the cell
nucleus
the protein factor involved in the termination of transcription is called _____
Rho factor
the ____ are noncoding sequences in the pre-mRNA that will be edited out in a process called ____
introns
RNA splicing
_____ and _____ are added in the pre-mRNA to protect itself from the enzymes in the cytoplasm
5’cap and poly A tail
_____ enzyme binds an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
in translation, _____ carries the genetic information for making the protein
mRNA
translation stops when the ribosome exposes on its A-site any one of the three stop codons ____, ____, and ____.
UAA, UAG, UGA
what is the start codon
AUG
apart from binding tissues together, what are other functions of connective tissues?
- produce blood
- support
- store fat and insulates body
- form sheath
- protect body against wound and infection
- helps in body immunity
a specialized junction used by epithelial cells to facilitate the movement of ions and molecules across the tissue
gap junctions
unicellular glands that are known to produce and secrete mucus
goblet cells
enumerate functions of epithelial tissues
- protection
- control permeability
- sensation
- secretions
the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone
excitability
the inorganic material that forms the ground substance in cartilage is _____
chondroitin sulphate
ground substance of bones
hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
the glial cells that form myelin sheaths around axons and neurons are the
- oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
three examples of loose connective tissue
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
tendons and ligaments are examples of ____ and ____ dense connective tissues
- white fibrous tissue
- yellow elastic tissue
in bone tissues, the development of bones involves ____ cells while bone remodeling to prevent super dense tissue is by ____
osteoblast
osteoclast
when plasma leaks out of the blood vessels and goes into the surrounding tissues, it becomes the
interstitial fluid
the granular leukocytes involved in non-specific immune defense are
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
these are cells specialized for storing lipids
adipocytes
which muscle tissue has fibers with multiple nucleus
skeletal muscle
the gaps between myelin insulation of the axon of neurons where impulses jump as they are transmitted
nodes of ranvier
three types of neurons based on function
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons
- relay neurons (interneurons)
cells in connective tissues that are known to produce the organic fibers
fibroblast
a type of bone tissue that lacks Haversian canal system and Volkmann’s canals
spongy bone tissue
the vein where the lymph is being drained back into the blood circulation
subclavian vein
the glial cells that help form the blood-brain barrier
astrocytes
an explanation of heredity which holds the idea that the genetic material contributed by parents are passed on as discrete heritable units
particulate hypothesis
a ____ is a heritable feature that is common to a group of organisms while a ____ is its variant that differentiates every individual
character
trait
the mating of two contrasting, true-breeding varieties is a process called
hybridization
the resulting offspring from a mating is considered the first or second ____ generation
filial
When crossing two true breeding lines, the trait of one parent is observed in the offspring. Such trait is ____ over the other. The trait that was hidden is considered as ____.
dominant
recessive
the variation in inherited characters is because of the alternative versions of genes called ____
alleles
in Mendel’s law of segregation, random combination of the gametes results in the ____ phenotypic ratio and ____ genotypic ratio in the F2 generation.
3:1
1:2:1
the recessive phenotype can only be observed when the genotype is ____
homozygous
in ____, two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
codominance
____ is an interaction wherein a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a different locus
epistasis
a ____ is a diagram that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
pedigree
in tracing genetic disorders, there are heterozygous individuals called ____ who carry the recessive defective allele but are phenotypically normal
carriers
