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ZZZ - General Zoology > Mitosis and Cell Division > Flashcards

Mitosis and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Two (2) ways the eukaryotic cells divide

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Meiosis
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2
Q

Cells that undergo Mitosis

A

Somatic cells

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3
Q

Cells that undergo Meiosis

A

Germ cells

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4
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Non-reproductive cells

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5
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Reproductive cells

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6
Q

Decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue

A

atrophy

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7
Q

Germ cells undergo meiosis to produce __ __.

A

Haploid gametes

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8
Q

Where are germ cells found?

A

Reproductive system

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9
Q

The stages of cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis/ Meiosis
  3. Cytokinesis
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10
Q

What are the phases in the Interphase?

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
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11
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

primary growth phase

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12
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication

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13
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

microtubules synthesis

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14
Q

What does the G in G1 and G2 phase mean?

A

Gap

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15
Q

What happens in the M phase?

A

chromosomes are pulled apart

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16
Q

What happens in C phase?

A

cytoplasm divides

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17
Q

What is the longest stage in the cycle?

A

Interphase

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18
Q

What is the shortest stage in the cycle?

A

M phase (Mitosis/ Meiosis)

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19
Q

What is the intermediate stage in the cycle?

A

C phase

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20
Q

The chromosomes are extended and in use

A

Interphase

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21
Q
  • The chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle fiber forms
A

Prophase

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22
Q

chromosomes line up on the central plane of the cell

A

Metaphase

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23
Q
  • centromeres divide
  • sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles
A

Anaphase

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24
Q
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • new nuclear envelope forms
  • spindle fibers disappear
A

Telophase

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25
Q

cytoplasm of the cell is cleaved in half

A

Cytokinesis

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26
Q
  • structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids
  • point of attachment of the kinetochore
A

centromere

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27
Q

cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate chromatids

A

spindle fibers/ mitotic spindle (mitosis)/ meiotic spindle (meiosis)

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28
Q

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

A

chromatid

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29
Q

Who first discovered chromosomes?

A

Walther Flemming in 1882

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30
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the Australian ant Myrmecia spp.?

A

1 pair

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31
Q

How many chromosomes are there in some ferns?

A

500 pairs

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32
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

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33
Q

How do chromosomes exist in somatic cells?

A

Exist as pairs

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34
Q
  • paired chromosomes
  • essentially have the same gene sequence, loci (gene position), centromere location, and chromosomal length
A

Homologous Chromosomes

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35
Q

have two copies of each chromosome: one from mother, one from father

A

diploid cells

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36
Q

Replicated chromosomes consist of __ __ __.

A

two sister chromatids

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37
Q

What holds the two sister chromatids together?

A

centromere

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38
Q
  • an individual’s complete set of chromosomes
  • a laboratory-produced image of a person’s chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order
A

karyotype

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39
Q

Cells wrap their DNA strands around scaffolding proteins to form a coiled condensed structure called __.

A

Chromatin

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40
Q

Chromatin is further folded into higher orders of structure that form the characteristic shape of __.

A

Chromosomes

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41
Q

Components of a chromatin

A

~40% Complex of DNA
~60% proteins

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42
Q

How many nucleotides does a typical human chromosome contain in its DNA?

A

about 140 million

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43
Q

What is the equivalent of the 140 million nucleotides in the DNA of a human chromosome?

A
  • about 5cm in stretched length
  • 2,000 printed books of 1,000 pages each
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44
Q

Components of a nucleosome

A
  • DNA
  • Central histone
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45
Q

What do you call the 30nm spiral of wrapped nucleosomes?

A

Solenoid

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46
Q

How many sister chromatids do a replicated chromosome consist of?

A

2 sister chromatids

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47
Q

Difference between sister and non sister chromatids

A

Sister chromatids - common centromere
Non sister chromatids - different centromeres

48
Q

The two types of nitrogenous bases

A
  • Pyrimidines
  • Purines
49
Q

What comprises the pyrimidines?

A
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
50
Q

What comprises the purines?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
51
Q

Supports chromatin loops

A

Scaffold proteins

52
Q

packaging proteins of DNA

A

Histones

53
Q

What comprises the mitotic spindle?

A
  • polar fibers
  • kinetochore fibers
54
Q

patch of protein found on the centromere of each chromatid

A

kinetochore

55
Q

cell division that produces egg and sperm

A

Meiosis

56
Q

contain half the complement of chromosomes found in other cells

A

Gametes

57
Q

Fusion of gametes is called ___ or ___

A
  • fertilization
  • syngamy
58
Q

fertilization creates the __

A

zygotes

59
Q

involves the alternation of meiosis and fertilization

A

sexual reproduction

60
Q

does not involve fertilization

A

asexual reproduction

61
Q

portion of DNA that control traits

A

genes

62
Q

These contain one set of chromosomes

A
  • sperm
  • egg cell
63
Q

This contains two sets of chromosomes

A

zygote

64
Q

Meiosis consists of two __ __, but only one __ __

A

Two successive divisions, but only one DNA replication

65
Q

What division happens in Meiosis I?

A

Reductional Division

66
Q

What division happens in Meiosis II?

A

Equational Division

67
Q

separates the homologous pairs

A

Meiosis I

68
Q

separates the two sister chromatids of each chromosome

A

Meiosis II

69
Q

Stages of Meiosis I

A
  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
70
Q

Stages of Meiosis II

A
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II
71
Q
  • each duplicated, condensed chromosome pairs with its homologue
  • homologues swap segments
  • each chromosome becomes attached to microtubules of newly forming spindle
A

Prophase I

72
Q

pairing of chromosomes during prophase I

A

synapsis

73
Q

swapping of segments of chromosomes

A

crossing-over

74
Q
  • chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the middle of the cell
  • sister chromatids of one homologue orient toward one pole, and those of other homologue toward the opposite pole
  • spindle is now fully formed
A

Metaphase I

75
Q
  • actual division of nucleus
  • homologous chromosomes segregate
  • sister chromatids of each chromosome remain attached from each other
A

Anaphase I

76
Q
  • chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
  • cytoplasm divides
  • two haploid cells, but sister chromatids are still attached
  • completes meiosis I
A

Telophase I

77
Q

Does DNA synthesis occur in Meiosis II?

A

No

78
Q

What are the two main differences of Meiosis II to Mitosis?

A
  1. Haploid set of chromosomes (in humans 1n=23 chromosomes)
  2. Sister chromatids are not identical (crossing-over)
79
Q

the point of contact, physical link, between two (non-sister) chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes

A

Chiasma

80
Q

new combination of genetic elements

A

recombinant chromosomes

81
Q

What are the five (5) stages in Prophase I?

A
  1. Leptotene
  2. Zygotene
  3. Pachytene
  4. Diplotene
  5. Diakinesis
82
Q
  • consists of the condensing of the already replicated chromosomes
  • the appearance of chromosomes is likened to ‘a string with beads”
  • each sister chromatid is attached to the nuclear envelope and are so close together that they can be mistaken for only one chromosome
  • short stage
A

Leptotene Stage (Leptonema)

83
Q

one of the serially aligned beads or granules of a eukaryotic chromosome, resulting from local coiling of a continuous DNA thread

A

Chromomere

84
Q
  • sub-stage where synapsis between homologous chromosomes begins
  • these synapsis can form up and down the chromosomes allowing numerous points of contact and can be compared to a zipper structure
A

Zygotene Stage (Zygonema)

85
Q

facilitates synapsis by holding the aligned chromosomes together

A

synaptonemal complex (SC)

86
Q

After the homologous pairs synapse in Zygotene, they are either called __ or __.

A

Tetrads or Bivalents

87
Q
  • Once a tetrad has formed, the process of crossing over and the resulting recombination can go ahead
  • At this point, the sister chromatids begin to separate from each other, although the chromosomes remain attached as a pair.
A

Pachytene Stage (Pachynema)

88
Q
  • the two homologous chromosomes begin to migrate apart as the synaptonemal complex disintegrates between the two chromosomal arms and they begin to repel one another.
  • chiasma are fully visible at this stage, so can be seen to move towards the end of the chromatids
A

Diplotene Stage (Diplonema)

89
Q

The movement of chiasmata at the tip of the chromosome due to condensation

A

terminalization

90
Q
  • the chiasmata connections arrive at the ends of the chromatid arms of the chromosome
  • chromosomes are very condensed and still connected by chiasmata
A

Diakinesis

91
Q

What causes andropause?

A

reduction of hormones (testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone)

92
Q

a form of the resting state in which cells reside until they receive appropriate signals stimulating them to re-enter and progress through the cell cycle

A

G0 phase

93
Q

When does the no crossing-over happens?

A

Prophase II

94
Q

the haploid cell which is formed by the meiosis in spermatocytes

A

spermatid

95
Q

Spermatids mature and develop into __ or __

A

spermatozoa or sperms

96
Q

What is the process wherein spermatids mature into sperms?

A

Spermiogenesis

97
Q

a cell in an ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum

A

oocyte

98
Q

cell giving rise to sperm

A

spermatocyte

99
Q

process of formation of female gametes

A

oogenesis

100
Q

Spermatogenesis produces __ haploid sperm cells

A

4 haploid sperm cells

101
Q

Oogenesis produces __ mature ovum

A

one mature ovum

102
Q

byproduct of an oocyte meiotic division

A

polar body

103
Q

sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity

A

evolutionary consequences of sex

104
Q

What are the three (3) mechanisms that increase genetic diversity?

A
  1. Independent assortment
  2. Crossing over
  3. Random fertilization
105
Q

way that homologous chromosomes line up on metaphase plate is random

A

Independent Assortment

106
Q

What percentage is the chance that a given member of pair will end up going to a given daughter?

A

50% chance

107
Q

As a result of random alignment, the number of possible combinations of chromosomes in a gamete is __.

A

2^n

108
Q

What does the n in 2^n signify?

A

number of chromosome pairs

109
Q

What is the possible chromosome combinations in humans?

A

approximately 8 million (8,388,608)

110
Q
  • DNA exchanges between maternal and paternal chromatid pairs
  • adds even more recombination to independent assortment
A

Crossing over

111
Q
  • zygote is formed by the union of two independently produced gametes
A

random fertilization

112
Q

What are the possible combinations in an offspring of random fertilization?

A

more than 70 trillion (70,368,744,177,664)
- does not count crossing-over

113
Q

Why is generating diversity important?

A

it is the raw material that fuels evolution

114
Q

No genetic process generates diversity more quickly than __ __.

A

sexual reproduction

115
Q

What is the two (2) unique features of meiosis?

A
  1. Synapsis
  2. Reduction division
116
Q

homologous chromosomes pair all along their lengths in meiosis I

A

synapsis

117
Q
  • no chromosome duplication between the two meiotic divisions
  • produces haploid gametes
A

reduction division

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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