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ZZZ - General Zoology > Fundamentals of Animal Biology > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Animal Biology Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of animal life

A

Zoology

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2
Q

What is the nature of science

A

Gaining knowledge using the scientific method

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3
Q

The process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.

A

Scientific Method

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4
Q

What are the four (4) main steps in the scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experimentation
  4. Conclusion
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5
Q

What does chemical uniqueness mean?

A

Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization.

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6
Q

What are the four (4) major categories of macromolecules?

A
  1. Nucleic Acids
  2. Proteins
  3. Carbohydrates
  4. Lipids
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7
Q

What are the seven (7) general properties of living systems?

A
  1. Chemical Uniqueness
  2. Complexity and hierarchical organization
  3. Reproduction
  4. Possession of a genetic program
  5. Metabolism
  6. Development
  7. Environmental Interaction
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8
Q

What is the ascending order of complexity in the hierarchical organization of living systems?

A

Macromolecules => cells => tissues => organs => organ systems => organism => population => species

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9
Q

Timescale of Reproduction of cells

A

Hours

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10
Q

Timescale of Reproduction of organisms

A

Hours to days; days to years

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11
Q

Timescale of Reproduction of a population

A

Up to thousands of years

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12
Q

Timescale of Reproduction of species

A

thousands to millions of years

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13
Q

Fields of Study in cells

A

Cell biology

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14
Q

Fields of Study in organisms

A
  • Organismal anatomy
  • physiology
  • genetics
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15
Q

Fields of Study in a population

A
  • Population biology
  • population genetics
  • ecology
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16
Q

Fields of Study in species

A
  • Systematics and evolutionary biology
  • community ecology
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17
Q

Methods of study in cells

A

Microscopy

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18
Q

Methods of study in organism

A
  • Dissection
  • genetic crosses
  • clinical studies
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19
Q

Methods of study in population

A
  • Statistical analyses of variance
  • abundance
  • geographical distribution
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20
Q

Methods of study in species

A
  • Study of geographic barriers
  • phylogeny
  • paleontology
  • ecological interactions
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21
Q

Some Emergent Properties in cells

A
  • Chromosomal replication
  • synthesis of macromolecules
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22
Q

Some Emergent Properties in organism

A
  • Structure
  • functions and coordination of tissues
  • organs and organ systems
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23
Q

Some Emergent Properties in population

A
  • Social structures
  • systems of mating
  • age distribution of organisms
  • levels of variation
  • action of natural selection
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24
Q

Some Emergent Properties in species

A
  • Method of replication
  • reproductive barriers
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25
Q

Living systems can reproduce themselves

A

Reproduction

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26
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Asexual and Sexual

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27
Q

transmission of traits

A

heredity

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28
Q

differences in traits

A

variation

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29
Q

a genetic program provides a fidelity of inheritance

A

possession of a genetic program

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30
Q

Where can genetic information be found?

A

DNA

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31
Q

Who discovered that DNA is a double helix?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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32
Q

Nucleotide base sequence order of amino acids

A

genetic code

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33
Q

Living organisms maintain themselves by obtaining nutrients from their environments

A

Metabolism

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34
Q

Study of performance of complex metabolic functions

A

physiology

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35
Q

All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle

A

Development

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36
Q

Characteristic changes that an organism undergoes

A

zygote to adult senescence

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37
Q

All animals interact with their environment

A

Environmental interaction

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38
Q

permits to understand how an organism can perceive environmental stimuli and respond in appropriate ways by adjusting its metabolism and physiology

A

Ecology

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39
Q

Any eukaryotic organism that is not plant, animal, or fungus.

A

Protists

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40
Q

How many amino acids are found in protein?

A

20 amino acids

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41
Q

What are the eight (8) levels of taxonomy?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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42
Q

Other term for sex cells

A

Gametes

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43
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Through binary fission

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44
Q

What is the best trait in surviving?

A

Reproduction

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45
Q

How do the cells in the body differ if they have the same DNA?

A

They have different active genes.

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46
Q

A segment of a DNA molecule (a sequence of bases) that codes for a particular protein and determines the traits (phenotype) of the individual.

A

Gene

47
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

48
Q

How many autosomal chromosomes do humans have?

A

22 different chromosomes

49
Q

How many sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

2 sex chromosomes

50
Q

Individuals carrying two identical alleles are known as __.

A

homozygous

51
Q

Individuals carrying two different alleles are known as __.

A

heterozygous

52
Q

organisms produce their own food by converting inorganic compounds into organic molecules

A

autotrophs/ self-feeders

53
Q

organisms consume organic molecules from other organisms for nutrition

A

heterotrophs

54
Q

Six (6) types of heterotrophs

A
  1. Herbivore
  2. Carnivore
  3. Omnivore
  4. Scavengers
  5. Detritivore
  6. Decomposers
55
Q

Kill and eat other animals to get their energy.

A

carnivore

56
Q

Obtain energy from eating plant leaves, roots, seeds or fruit.

A

herbivore

57
Q

Obtain energy from a variety of different foods such as meat and plants

A

omnivore

58
Q

Animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have been killed in some way

A

scavengers

59
Q

Obtain energy by breaking down organic matter.

A

decomposers

60
Q

Obtain energy from detritus and decomposers that live on it.

A

detritivores

60
Q

break down large organic molecules into smaller molecules, releasing the energy contained in the chemical bonds.

A

catabolic reactions

61
Q

involve the joining of smaller molecules into larger ones.

A

anabolic reactions

62
Q

ability of an organism to detect stimulus

A

irritability

63
Q

ability of an organism to react or respond to the stimulus

A

responsiveness

64
Q

ability of an organism to repeatedly react or respond to the stimulus

A

adaptation

65
Q

adaptation over a stretch of time leads to __.

A

evolution

66
Q

What are the eight (8) general features of the characteristics of animals?

A
  1. heterotrophy
  2. mobility
  3. multicellularity
  4. sexual reproduction
  5. diploidy
  6. the absence of a cell wall
  7. cells organized as tissues
  8. blastula formation
67
Q

can’t make their own food

A

heterotrophy

68
Q

animals can swim, crawl, walk, run, and even fly.

A

mobility

69
Q

example of an animal that can only move in the larval stage

A

the sponge

70
Q

made up of more than one cell

A

multicellularity

71
Q

almost all animal reproduce sexually by producing gametes

A

sexual reproduction

72
Q

what makes sperm cells of animals highly mobile

A

flagella

73
Q

adults have two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from their father and one from their mother.

A

diploidy

74
Q

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.

A

haploid

75
Q

a rare chromosomal abnormality in which fetuses are born with an extra set of chromosomes in their cells.

A

triploidy

76
Q

the presence of three homologous chromosomes

A

trisomy

77
Q

presence of three sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.

A

triploidy

78
Q

how many chromosomes are there in trisomy

A

47 chromosomes

79
Q

how many chromosomes are there in triploidy

A

69 chromosomes

80
Q

animals lack cell walls

A

absence of cell walls

81
Q

In all animals except sponges, the zygote (fertilized egg cell) undergoes cell divisions that form a hollow ball of cells called a __.

A

blastula

82
Q

what are the three (3) distinct primary tissue layers of cells

A
  1. endoderm
  2. ectoderm
  3. mesoderm
83
Q

Cells within the blastula eventually develop into three distinct layers of cells

A

cells organized as tissues

84
Q

What tissues and organs does the ectoderm layer gives rise to

A
  • outer layer of skin
  • nervous system
  • sense organs such as the eyes
85
Q

What tissues and organs does the endoderm layer gives rise to

A
  • lining of the digestive tract
  • respiratory systems
  • urinary bladder
  • digestive organs
  • liver
  • glands
86
Q

What tissues and organs does the mesoderm layer gives rise to

A
  • most of the skeleton
  • muscles
  • circulatory system
  • reproductive organs
  • excretory organs
87
Q

group of cells with a common structure that work together to perform a specific function

A

tissues

88
Q

What are the four (4) primary types of animal tissues?

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissue
89
Q

cover the outside of organs and structures in the body, and line the lumens of organs in a single layer or multiple layers of cells.

A

epithelial tissue

90
Q

Epithelia composed of a single layer of cells are called __.

A

simple epithelia

91
Q

Epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers is called __.

A

stratified epithelia

92
Q

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.

A

connective tissue

93
Q

All animals have their own particular body plan, a term used to describe an animal’s shape, symmetry, and internal organization.

A

body symmetry

94
Q

Three (3) types of body symmetry

A
  1. Asymmetry
  2. Radial Symmetry
  3. Bilateral Symmetry
95
Q

animals that grow in an irregular pattern

A

asymmetry

96
Q

animals that have body parts arranged around a central axis

A

radial symmetry

97
Q

animals that have a distinct right and left half, and mostly display cephalization

A

bilateral symmetry

98
Q

What are the three (3) basic body plans?

A
  1. Acoelomate
  2. Pseudocoelomate
  3. Coelomate
99
Q

the body cavity in metazoans, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall.

A

coelom

100
Q

Two (2) groups of coelomates

A
  1. Protostomes
  2. Deuterostomes
101
Q

blastopore develops into a mouth (first mouth)

A

Protostomes

102
Q

blastopore develops into an anus (second mouth)

A

Deuterostomes

103
Q

animals with no body cavity

A

Acoelomate

104
Q

have a body cavity located between mesoderm and endoderm

A

Pseudocoelomate

105
Q

body cavity of pseudocoelomates

A

Pseudocoelom

106
Q

a mouth-like opening of the archenteron on the surface of the embryo during the invagination of the archenteron.

A

Blastopore

107
Q

the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments.

A

Segmentation

108
Q

How many animal phyla are there?

A

There are about 35 animal phyla

109
Q
  • visually represents the relationship among various groups of animals.
  • shows how animals are related through evolution.
A

Phylogenetic Tree

110
Q

composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels.

A

muscle tissue

111
Q

Three (3) types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Skeletal
  3. Smooth
112
Q

responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning.

A

nervous tissue

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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