Fundamentals of Animal Biology Flashcards
The scientific study of animal life
Zoology
What is the nature of science
Gaining knowledge using the scientific method
The process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.
Scientific Method
What are the four (4) main steps in the scientific method
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Experimentation
- Conclusion
What does chemical uniqueness mean?
Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization.
What are the four (4) major categories of macromolecules?
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
What are the seven (7) general properties of living systems?
- Chemical Uniqueness
- Complexity and hierarchical organization
- Reproduction
- Possession of a genetic program
- Metabolism
- Development
- Environmental Interaction
What is the ascending order of complexity in the hierarchical organization of living systems?
Macromolecules => cells => tissues => organs => organ systems => organism => population => species
Timescale of Reproduction of cells
Hours
Timescale of Reproduction of organisms
Hours to days; days to years
Timescale of Reproduction of a population
Up to thousands of years
Timescale of Reproduction of species
thousands to millions of years
Fields of Study in cells
Cell biology
Fields of Study in organisms
- Organismal anatomy
- physiology
- genetics
Fields of Study in a population
- Population biology
- population genetics
- ecology
Fields of Study in species
- Systematics and evolutionary biology
- community ecology
Methods of study in cells
Microscopy
Methods of study in organism
- Dissection
- genetic crosses
- clinical studies
Methods of study in population
- Statistical analyses of variance
- abundance
- geographical distribution
Methods of study in species
- Study of geographic barriers
- phylogeny
- paleontology
- ecological interactions
Some Emergent Properties in cells
- Chromosomal replication
- synthesis of macromolecules
Some Emergent Properties in organism
- Structure
- functions and coordination of tissues
- organs and organ systems
Some Emergent Properties in population
- Social structures
- systems of mating
- age distribution of organisms
- levels of variation
- action of natural selection
Some Emergent Properties in species
- Method of replication
- reproductive barriers
Living systems can reproduce themselves
Reproduction
What are the two types of reproduction?
Asexual and Sexual
transmission of traits
heredity
differences in traits
variation
a genetic program provides a fidelity of inheritance
possession of a genetic program
Where can genetic information be found?
DNA
Who discovered that DNA is a double helix?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Nucleotide base sequence order of amino acids
genetic code
Living organisms maintain themselves by obtaining nutrients from their environments
Metabolism
Study of performance of complex metabolic functions
physiology
All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle
Development
Characteristic changes that an organism undergoes
zygote to adult senescence
All animals interact with their environment
Environmental interaction
permits to understand how an organism can perceive environmental stimuli and respond in appropriate ways by adjusting its metabolism and physiology
Ecology
Any eukaryotic organism that is not plant, animal, or fungus.
Protists
How many amino acids are found in protein?
20 amino acids
What are the eight (8) levels of taxonomy?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Other term for sex cells
Gametes
How do bacteria reproduce?
Through binary fission
What is the best trait in surviving?
Reproduction
How do the cells in the body differ if they have the same DNA?
They have different active genes.
A segment of a DNA molecule (a sequence of bases) that codes for a particular protein and determines the traits (phenotype) of the individual.
Gene
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs
How many autosomal chromosomes do humans have?
22 different chromosomes
How many sex chromosomes do humans have?
2 sex chromosomes
Individuals carrying two identical alleles are known as __.
homozygous
Individuals carrying two different alleles are known as __.
heterozygous
organisms produce their own food by converting inorganic compounds into organic molecules
autotrophs/ self-feeders
organisms consume organic molecules from other organisms for nutrition
heterotrophs
Six (6) types of heterotrophs
- Herbivore
- Carnivore
- Omnivore
- Scavengers
- Detritivore
- Decomposers
Kill and eat other animals to get their energy.
carnivore
Obtain energy from eating plant leaves, roots, seeds or fruit.
herbivore
Obtain energy from a variety of different foods such as meat and plants
omnivore
Animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have been killed in some way
scavengers
Obtain energy by breaking down organic matter.
decomposers
Obtain energy from detritus and decomposers that live on it.
detritivores
break down large organic molecules into smaller molecules, releasing the energy contained in the chemical bonds.
catabolic reactions
involve the joining of smaller molecules into larger ones.
anabolic reactions
ability of an organism to detect stimulus
irritability
ability of an organism to react or respond to the stimulus
responsiveness
ability of an organism to repeatedly react or respond to the stimulus
adaptation
adaptation over a stretch of time leads to __.
evolution
What are the eight (8) general features of the characteristics of animals?
- heterotrophy
- mobility
- multicellularity
- sexual reproduction
- diploidy
- the absence of a cell wall
- cells organized as tissues
- blastula formation
can’t make their own food
heterotrophy
animals can swim, crawl, walk, run, and even fly.
mobility
example of an animal that can only move in the larval stage
the sponge
made up of more than one cell
multicellularity
almost all animal reproduce sexually by producing gametes
sexual reproduction
what makes sperm cells of animals highly mobile
flagella
adults have two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from their father and one from their mother.
diploidy
the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.
haploid
a rare chromosomal abnormality in which fetuses are born with an extra set of chromosomes in their cells.
triploidy
the presence of three homologous chromosomes
trisomy
presence of three sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
triploidy
how many chromosomes are there in trisomy
47 chromosomes
how many chromosomes are there in triploidy
69 chromosomes
animals lack cell walls
absence of cell walls
In all animals except sponges, the zygote (fertilized egg cell) undergoes cell divisions that form a hollow ball of cells called a __.
blastula
what are the three (3) distinct primary tissue layers of cells
- endoderm
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
Cells within the blastula eventually develop into three distinct layers of cells
cells organized as tissues
What tissues and organs does the ectoderm layer gives rise to
- outer layer of skin
- nervous system
- sense organs such as the eyes
What tissues and organs does the endoderm layer gives rise to
- lining of the digestive tract
- respiratory systems
- urinary bladder
- digestive organs
- liver
- glands
What tissues and organs does the mesoderm layer gives rise to
- most of the skeleton
- muscles
- circulatory system
- reproductive organs
- excretory organs
group of cells with a common structure that work together to perform a specific function
tissues
What are the four (4) primary types of animal tissues?
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
cover the outside of organs and structures in the body, and line the lumens of organs in a single layer or multiple layers of cells.
epithelial tissue
Epithelia composed of a single layer of cells are called __.
simple epithelia
Epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers is called __.
stratified epithelia
Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
connective tissue
All animals have their own particular body plan, a term used to describe an animal’s shape, symmetry, and internal organization.
body symmetry
Three (3) types of body symmetry
- Asymmetry
- Radial Symmetry
- Bilateral Symmetry
animals that grow in an irregular pattern
asymmetry
animals that have body parts arranged around a central axis
radial symmetry
animals that have a distinct right and left half, and mostly display cephalization
bilateral symmetry
What are the three (3) basic body plans?
- Acoelomate
- Pseudocoelomate
- Coelomate
the body cavity in metazoans, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall.
coelom
Two (2) groups of coelomates
- Protostomes
- Deuterostomes
blastopore develops into a mouth (first mouth)
Protostomes
blastopore develops into an anus (second mouth)
Deuterostomes
animals with no body cavity
Acoelomate
have a body cavity located between mesoderm and endoderm
Pseudocoelomate
body cavity of pseudocoelomates
Pseudocoelom
a mouth-like opening of the archenteron on the surface of the embryo during the invagination of the archenteron.
Blastopore
the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments.
Segmentation
How many animal phyla are there?
There are about 35 animal phyla
- visually represents the relationship among various groups of animals.
- shows how animals are related through evolution.
Phylogenetic Tree
composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels.
muscle tissue
Three (3) types of muscle tissue
- Cardiac
- Skeletal
- Smooth
responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning.
nervous tissue
