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ZZZ - General Zoology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

have no true nucleus

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

Where can the DNA be found in prokaryotes?

A

Nucleoid

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3
Q

have nuclues

A

Eukaryote

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4
Q
  • spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
  • dark-staining body
A

Nucleolus

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5
Q

Who examined a thin slice of cork tissue

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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6
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe in the thin slice of cork tissue?

A

honeycombed compartments

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7
Q

What did Robert Hooke called those honeycombed compartments he observed?

A

cellulae (small rooms)

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8
Q

Who proposed the first two statements of the cell theory in 1838-1839?

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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9
Q

concluded that all plant parts are made of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

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10
Q

concluded that all animal tissues are made of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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11
Q

What are the three (3) principles of cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest living things
  3. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell
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12
Q

self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone toward the origin of life.

A

Protocell

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13
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not have?

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • large central vacuole
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14
Q

Cell wall are made up of __.

A

cellulose (most abundant carbohydrate)

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15
Q

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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16
Q

internal membranes of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria that provide the platform for the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

Thylakoid

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17
Q
  • stores nutrients and water on which a cell can rely for its survival.
  • also stores wastes from the cell to prevent contamination
A

Large central vacuole

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18
Q

What do animal cells have that plant cells do not have?

A
  • lysosomes
  • centrioles
  • flagella (though present in some plant sperm)
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19
Q
  • membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
  • break down excess or worn-out cell parts
  • may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria
A

Lysosomes

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20
Q

help to arrange the microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division

A

Centrioles

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21
Q

microscopic whip-like structure that helps to propel a cell through liquids

A

flagella

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22
Q
  • provides pigmentation to skin, eyes, and hair.
  • absorbs harmful UV (ultraviolet) rays and protects cells from sun damage
A

Melanin

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23
Q
  • command center of the cell
  • directs all of the cell’s activities
A

Nucleus

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24
Q

What does the nucleus store?

A

hereditary information

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25
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope (has pores)

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26
Q
  • large complex of proteins that allows small molecules and ions to freely pass, or diffuse, into or out of the nucleus
A

Nuclear pore

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27
Q

extensive system of interior membranes that divides the cell into compartments

A

Endomembrane System

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28
Q

What does the endomembrane system consists of?

A
  1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  2. Golgi Complex
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Peroxisomes
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29
Q

internal membrane system creating channels and membrane-bound vesicles

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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30
Q

What are the two (2) distinct regions that the Endoplasmic Reticulum consists?

A
  1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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31
Q
  • studded with ribosomes
  • involved in protein synthesis
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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32
Q
  • embedded with enzymes
  • involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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33
Q

Where does the ER transport the molecules it synthesizes to?

A

Golgi Complex

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34
Q
  • flattened stack of membranes that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm
  • collects, packages, modifies, and distributes molecules
A

Golgi complex

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35
Q

carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi

A

Transport vesicles

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36
Q
  • consists of the materials that have to be excreted from the cell
  • these may carry soluble proteins, peptides, or neurotransmitters
A

Secretory Vesicles

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37
Q
  • contain enzymes that break down macromolecules
  • arise from the Golgi complex
A

Lysosomes

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38
Q

The lysosomes function in intracellular digestion of:

A
  • worn-out cellular components
  • substances taken into cells
  • resulting material is then recycled
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39
Q
  • arise from the Endoplasmic reticulum
  • contain two (2) sets of enzymes
A

Peroxisomes

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40
Q

What are the two (2) sets of enzymes that are found in peroxisomes?

A
  • One set is found in plants
  • Other set is found in animals
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41
Q

What does the enzyme contained in peroxisomes that are found in plants do?

A

converts fats to sugars

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42
Q

What does the enzyme contained in peroxisomes that are found in animals do?

A

detoxifies various harmful molecules

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43
Q

What are the two (2) organelles that contain DNA?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Chloroplasts
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44
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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45
Q

How do mitochondria extract energy from organic molecules?

A

Through oxidative metabolism

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46
Q

process by which ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the associated consumption of oxygen

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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47
Q

Like bacteria, mitochondria:

A
  1. Possess circular DNA (plasmid)
  2. Divide by simple fission
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48
Q

folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that greatly increase the surface area

49
Q

contains the DNA of the mitochondrial genome and enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (AKA Krebs cycle)

50
Q

proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose by symbiosis from ancient bacteria

A

The Endosymbiotic Theory

51
Q
  • the Interior Framework of the Cell
  • dense network of protein fibers
A

The Cytoskeleton

52
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A
  • supports the shape of the cell
  • anchors organelles
53
Q

What are the three (3) different kinds of protein fibers?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
54
Q

What proteins make up microfilaments?

A

Actin (contractile protein)

55
Q

What proteins make up microtubules?

A

Tubulin (globular protein)

56
Q
  • fine, thread-like protein fibers
  • associated with the protein myosin
  • can also carry out cellular movements
A

microfilaments

57
Q

What are the cellular movements that microfilaments can carry out?

A
  • gliding
  • contraction
  • cytokinesis
58
Q
  • cylindrical tubes
  • act as scaffold to determine cell shape
  • provide a set of “tracks” for cell organelles and vesicles to move on
  • form the spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during mitosis
A

microtubules

59
Q
  • about 10nm in diameter
  • provide tensile strength for the cell
A

intermediate filaments

60
Q
  • superfamily of proteins which bind actin
  • hydrolyze ATP
  • transduce force
61
Q

anchor and assemble microtubules

A

centrioles

62
Q

centrioles are not found in __ __ and __

A

higher plants and fungi

63
Q

centrioles may have originates as __ __

A

symbiotic bacteria

64
Q

__ __ is tied up with cytoskeleton

A

Cell movement

65
Q

Which protein fibers are tied up with cell motion?

A
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
66
Q

Changes in the shape of microfilaments:

A
  • enable some cells to change shape quickly
  • allow some cells to crawl
  • cause animal cells to divide
67
Q
  • consists of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
A

flagella and cilia

68
Q

How are flagella and cilia anchored in the cell?

A

basal body

69
Q

long and few in number

70
Q

short and numerous

71
Q

microtubule-based organelles that assemble cilia and flagella

A

basal bodies

72
Q

motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell’s periphery

73
Q

motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell’s interior

74
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles in plants?

A
  • store dissolved substances
  • can increase the cell’s surface area
75
Q

What is the function of vacuoles in protists?

A

pump excess water

76
Q

What do you call the vacuoles found in protists?

A

contractile vacuoles

77
Q
  • helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions
A

extracellular matrix

78
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A

mixture of glycoproteins secreted by animal cells

79
Q

links extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton

80
Q

encases all living cells

A

cell membrane

81
Q

the basic structure of cell membrane is represented by the ___

A

fluid-mosaic model

82
Q

what components make up the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • phospholipids
  • proteins
  • cholesterol
  • carbohydrates
83
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A
  • One polar (hydrophilic) head of phosphate moiety
  • Two nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails of fatty acids
84
Q

What are the two (2) main types of proteins within the membrane?

A
  1. Cell-surface proteins
  2. Transmembrane (aka transport) proteins
85
Q
  • project from the surface of the membrane
  • act as markers or receptors
A

cell-surface proteins

86
Q
  • extend all the way across the bilayer
  • provide channels in and out of the cell
A

transmembrane (transport) proteins

87
Q

helps with the integrity of the membrane

A

cholesterol

88
Q

some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but other cannot

A

semi-permeable cell membrane

89
Q

What are the things that can pass through on their own by simple diffusion across the semipermeable cell membrane?

A

small, uncharged particles

90
Q

What are the things that can’t diffuse on their own across the semipermeable cell membrane?

A
  • large molecules
  • charged particles
  • anything being moved against concentration gradient
91
Q

the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

92
Q

Equal concentration

A

equilibrium

93
Q

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

94
Q

contains higher concentration of solutes than the cell

A

hypertonic solution

95
Q

contains lower concentration of solutes than the cell

A

hypotonic solution

96
Q

contains equal concentration of solutes as the cell

A

Isotonic solution

97
Q

Water that does not have solutes

A

Free water molecule

98
Q

What is formed in the process of transforming a dissolved substance into an insoluble solid from a super-saturated solution?

A

Precipitate

99
Q

Movement of water into a cell creates __ __

A

osmotic pressure

100
Q

occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic balance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell

A

Cytolysis or osmotic lysis

101
Q

occurs when a cell shrinks due to a hypertonic environment

A

Plasmolysis

102
Q

discharge of material from vesicles at the cell surface

A

exocytosis

103
Q

the plasma membrane envelops particles and brings them into the cell interior

A

endocytosis

104
Q

What are the three (3) major forms of endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
105
Q

engulfment of particulate material

A

phagocytosis

106
Q

engulfment of liquid material

A

pinocytosis

107
Q
  • form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
  • highly specific and very fast
A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

108
Q

Cell membranes have __ __. Contain protein channels that allow only certain molecules to pass

A

Selective permeability

109
Q

allows molecules to pass through open channels in either direction

A

selective diffusion

110
Q

if the ion fits the pore, it goes through

A

ion channels

111
Q

net movement of a molecule down its concentration gradient facilitated by specific carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

112
Q

movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient which is possible by the expenditure of energy

A

active transport

113
Q

Two (2) types of channels that are mainly used in active transport

A
  1. Sodium-Potassium Pump
  2. Proton Pump
114
Q

Where is the sodium-potassium pump used?

A

Nervous system (neurons and muscle cells)

115
Q

Where is the proton pump used?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • respiration
    (mitochondria)
116
Q

uses the energy of one ATP molecule to pump 3Na+ outward and 2K+ into the cell

A

Sodium-potassium pump

117
Q

expends metabolic energy to pump protons across membranes

A

proton pump

118
Q

process of diffusion of ions (usually H+ ions AKA protons) across a selectively permeable membrane

A

chemiosmosis

119
Q

Programmed cell death

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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