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ZZZ - General Zoology > Protection, Support, and Movement > Flashcards

Protection, Support, and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Protection: _

A

Integument

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2
Q

Support: _

A

Skeleton

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3
Q

Movement: _

A

Muscles

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4
Q

Integument is from the Latin word _

A

Integumentum (to cover)

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5
Q
  • largest organ system
  • protects the body from damage
A

Integument

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6
Q

What comprises the integument?

A

Skin and its appendages

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7
Q

The appendages of skin

A
  • hair
  • scales
  • feathers
  • nails
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8
Q

Integument is an attachment site for sensory receptors to detect

A
  • pain
  • sensation
  • pressure
  • temperature
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9
Q

Variety of functions of the integument

A
  • to waterproof
  • cushion
  • protect deeper tissues
  • excrete wastes
  • regulate temperature
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10
Q

Invertebrate integument

A

Epidermis + - cuticle

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11
Q

Integument of Molluscs

A

soft, delicate, mucus-secreting glands

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12
Q

Shell of Molluscs

A

calcium carbonate

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13
Q

multilayer nano-reflectors with alternating high and low refractive indices, generating interference of light waves

A

Iridocytes

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14
Q

Animals with Iridocytes

A
  • octopus
  • squid
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15
Q

Integument of Arthropods

A

most complex (protection and support)

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16
Q

Epidermis and cuticle of Arthropods

A
  • single-layered epidermis
  • double-layered cuticle
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17
Q

Two layers of cuticle

A
  • Epicuticle
  • Procuticle
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18
Q

Outer, thin, nonchitinous

A

Epicuticle

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19
Q

Inner, thick, chitinous

A

Procuticle

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20
Q

Arthropods undergo molting leaving an __

A

exuviae

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21
Q

Cuticle of Arthropods can be hardened by

A
  1. Calcification
  2. Sclerotization
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22
Q

Calcification happens in what animals

A

crustaceans

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23
Q

Sclerotization happens in what animals

A

insects

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24
Q

Deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layer of procuticle

A

calcification

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25
Q

What is being deposited in calcification

A

calcium carbonate

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26
Q

Where is the calcium carbonate deposited during calcification

A

Procuticle

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27
Q

Cross linking of procuticle proteins forming a highly resistant and insoluble protein, sclerotin

A

sclerotization

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28
Q

What is formed in sclerotization

A

sclerotin

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29
Q

What is cross-linked in sclerotization

A

Procuticle proteins

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30
Q

Epidermis of crustaceans

A

hypodermis

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31
Q
  • A bristle or hair in many invertebrates.
  • are produced by the epidermis and consist either of a hollow projection of cuticle containing all or part of an epidermal cell (as in insects) or are composed of chitin (as in the chaetae of annelid worms)
A

seta

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32
Q

Function of seta on larger animals

A

sensation

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33
Q

Function of seta on smaller animals

A

locomotion

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34
Q
  • some produce cuticle
  • some are cement glands
  • some are sort of salivary glands
A

tegumental glands

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35
Q

used to produce the cementing fluid that allow animals to attach to substrate, or for brooding

A

cement glands

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36
Q

Basic plan of vertebrate integument

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
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37
Q

thin, outer, stratified epithelial layer derived from ectoderm

A

Epidermis

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38
Q

Where is epidermis derived from

A

ectoderm

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39
Q

Inner, thicker layer, derived from mesoderm

A

dermis

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40
Q

Where is dermis derived from

A

mesoderm

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41
Q

the technical term for our skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

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42
Q

active secretion of mucus

A

Mucous membrane

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43
Q

moisturize the skin

A

Sebaceous gland

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44
Q

Two layers of dermis in frogs

A
  1. Spongy dermis
  2. Compact dermis
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45
Q

houses glands

A

spongy dermis

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46
Q

houses blood vessels

A

compact dermis

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47
Q

visible hair on the skin

A

shaft

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48
Q

smooth muscle that causes hair to stand

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

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49
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis

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50
Q
  • deepest layer of tissue in the skin
  • consists mostly of fat to keep the body warm
A

subcutaneous layer

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51
Q

Functions of skin

A
  • Protects from injuries
  • Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body.
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Synthesizes, stores vitamins
  • Sensory functions
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52
Q

what vitamin does the skin store

A

vitamin D

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53
Q

how are vitamin D activated

A

by the sun

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54
Q

Vitamin D function

A
  • absorption of calcium
  • bone development
  • linked to immune system
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55
Q
  • upper layer of the skin
  • thin
  • avascular
  • stratified squamous
A

Epidermis

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56
Q

Avascular

A

no blood vessels

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57
Q

Sublayers of the Epidermis

A

Stratum:
1. Germinativum
2. Spinosum
3. Granulosum
4. Lucidum
5. Corneum

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58
Q
  • basal layer
  • dividing cells
  • good nutrient supply
  • regeneration of skin
A

Stratum Germinativum

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59
Q
  • living cells
  • dividing
  • 8-10 cells thick
  • polygonal in appearance
A

Stratum Spinosum

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60
Q

How many cell layer thick is stratum spinosum

A

8-10 cells thick

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61
Q

Stratum Spinosum appearance

A

polygonal

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62
Q
  • poor nutrient supply
  • flatten layers of cells
  • 3-5 cells thick
  • no cell division
  • keratinization
A

Stratum Granulosum

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63
Q

What layer does keratinization start?

A

Stratum Granulosum

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64
Q

How thick is Stratum Granulosum

A

3-5 cells thick

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65
Q

What are the germinal layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum germinativum
  2. Stratum Spinosum
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66
Q

Other term for Stratum germinativum

A

Stratum Basale

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67
Q

cytosol are being replaced with keratin

A

keratinization

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68
Q
  • found only in very thick skin
  • translucent
  • highly keratinized
  • dead cells
A

Stratum Lucidum

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69
Q
  • 25-30 cells thick
  • cornified cells
  • sloughed off
  • outermost layer
A

Stratum Corneum

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70
Q
  • connective tissue
  • lots of collagenous fibers
  • true skin
A

Dermis

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71
Q

Layers of the Dermis

A
  1. Papillary
  2. Reticular
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72
Q
  • a thin superficial layer of areolar tissue
  • heavily vascularized
A

Papillary

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73
Q
  • about 80% of the dermis
  • a typical dense irregular connective tissue
  • contains bundles of interlacing collagen fibers that run parallel to the skin surface
A

Reticular

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74
Q
  • consists of connective tissues (areolar and adipose)
  • anchors skin to the underlying muscles
A

hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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75
Q

(derivatives) Skin Appendages

A
  1. Dermal derivatives
  2. Epidermal derivatives
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76
Q

Dermal derivatives

A
  1. Dermal Armor
  2. Chromatophores
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77
Q

Types of dermal armor

A
  1. dermal bone
  2. placoid scale
  3. ganoid, leptoid, ctenoid scale
  4. osteoderms
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78
Q

animals with dermal bone

A

ostracoderms

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79
Q

animals with ganoid, leptoid, ctenoid scale

A

bony fishes

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79
Q

animals with placoid scale

A

chondrichthyes

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80
Q

animals with osteoderms

A
  • crocodile
  • armadillo
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81
Q
  • pigments
  • derived from the embryonic nervous system
A

Chromatophores

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82
Q

Types of chromatophores

A
  1. melanophores
  2. lipophores and xanthophores
  3. erythrophores
  4. guanophores
  5. iridocytes
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83
Q

brown to black pigments

A

melanophores

84
Q

yellow pigments

A

lipophores and xanthophores

85
Q

red pigments

A

erythrophores

86
Q

white pigments

A

guanophores

87
Q

contain guanin crystals

A

iridocytes

88
Q

What are the Epidermal Derivatives?

A
  1. Epidermal seal
  2. Epidermal scales
  3. Claws and nails
  4. Hooves
  5. Horns
  6. Antlers
  7. Hair
  8. Feathers
  9. Baleen
  10. Glands
89
Q

Types of epidermal seal

A
  1. cuticle
  2. mucoid coat
  3. keratin
90
Q

nonliving layer in protochordates, lung fishes, and larval amphibians

A

cuticle

91
Q

mucous - fish, amphibians

A

mucoid coat

92
Q

in all, but more pronounced in terrestrial vertebrates

A

keratin

93
Q

form keratin that is first prevalent in reptiles and is being shed

A

Squamous cytoplasmic granules

94
Q

the process of shedding the old skin (in reptiles) or casting off the outer cuticle (in insects and other arthropods)

A

ecdysis

95
Q

difference between claws and nails

A

claws (weapon)
nails (protection on the tips)

96
Q

___ are shed and regrown yearly while ___ are never shed and continue to grow throughout an animal’s life

A

Antlers
horns

97
Q

Types of glands

A
  1. Ancestral Serous Glands
  2. Poison Glands
  3. Wax Glands
  4. Tubular Glands
  5. Sweat and mammary glands
  6. Modern serous glands
  7. Scent glands
98
Q

precursor of glands

A

ancestral serous glands

99
Q

glands in amphibians and frogs

A

poison glands

100
Q
  • glands in birds, mammals
  • waterproofing
A

wax glands

101
Q

glands with a tube-like shape throughout their length

A

tubular glands

102
Q
  • cannot be shed
  • has rings
A

dermal scale

103
Q

can be shed

A

epidermal scale

104
Q

modified sweat glands

A

mammary glands

105
Q

no part of the cell is lost with secretion

A

merocrine

106
Q

the top of the cell is lost with the secretion

A

apocrine

107
Q

the whole cell detaches with the secretion

A

holocrine

108
Q

watery sweat

A
  • eccrine
  • apocrine
109
Q

Types of scent glands

A
  1. mucous glands
  2. sebaceous gland
  3. uropygial gland
110
Q

oil (scent glands of mammals)

A

sebaceous gland

111
Q

oil gland on tail of birds

A

uropygial gland

112
Q

Sensory Structures

A
  1. Deep touch/pressure
  2. Light touch/pressure
  3. Warm temperature
  4. Cold temperature
  5. Pain
113
Q

Deep touch/pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

114
Q

Light touch/pressure

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

115
Q

Warm temperature

A

free nerve endings

116
Q

Cold temperature

A

free nerve endings

117
Q

Pain

A

free nerve endings

118
Q

Different types of Support

A
  1. hydrostatic
  2. exoskeleton
  3. endoskeleton
119
Q
  • use a cavity filled with water; the water is incompressible, so the organism can use it to apply force or change shape.
  • Plants use osmotic pressure to pressurize the cavity, whereas animals do it with muscle layers in the hydrostat’s walls.
A

hydrostatic

120
Q

Movement of hydrostatic

A

alternating contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles

121
Q

where are the muscles anchored in hydrostatic support

A

body fluid

122
Q

rigid or articulated envelope that supports and protects the soft tissues of certain animals.

A

exoskeleton

123
Q

internal skeleton

A

endoskeleton

124
Q

made up of the bones in your head, neck, back and chest

A

axial skeleton

125
Q

made up of everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton

A

appendicular skeleton

126
Q

Adult skeleton consists of ___ bones

A

206 bones

127
Q

Bones in skull

A

29 bones

128
Q

Bones in spine

A

26 bones

129
Q

bones in spine are called

A

vertebrae

130
Q

Bones in ribs and breastbone

A

25 bones

131
Q

Bones in shoulder, arms, and hands

A

64 bones

132
Q

Bones in pelvis, legs, and feet

A

62 bones

133
Q

Types of bones

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
  5. sesamoid bones
134
Q

larger than they are wide

A

long bones

135
Q

shape like cubes and are found primarily in the wrist and ankles

A

short bones

136
Q

thin, flat and curved

A

flat bones

137
Q

different shape not classified as long, short, or flat

A

irregular bones

138
Q

small round bony masses embedded in certain tendons

A

sesamoid bones

139
Q

made of spongy bone curved with a thin layer of compact bone

A

short, flat, and irregular bones

140
Q

Anatomy of a long bone

A
  1. diaphysis
  2. epiphysis
  3. epiphyseal plate or disc
  4. medullary cavity
  5. periosteum
  6. articular cartilage
141
Q

long shaft of the bone

A

diaphysis

142
Q

enlarge ends of the bone

A

epiphysis

143
Q

growth plate

A

epiphyseal plate or disc

144
Q

hallow center of the diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

145
Q

tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis

A

periosteum

146
Q

found on the outer surface of the epiphysis

A

articular cartilage

147
Q

Three different types of bone tissue

A
  1. Compact Bone
  2. Spongy (Cancellous)
  3. Periosteum
148
Q

dense layer, looks smooth and solid

A

compact bone

149
Q

circles the bone with central canals

A

Haversian system

150
Q

circles the bone

A

lamella

151
Q

central canals

A

Haversian Canal

152
Q

(bone) contains blood vessels and nerves

A

central canal

153
Q

blood vessels and nerves go through lamellar bone to supply lacunae

A

perforating small canals

154
Q
  • mature bone cell
  • resides in the space called lacuna
A

osteocytes

155
Q

a cavity or depression, especially in bone

A

lacuna

156
Q
  • honeycombed, open spaces
  • same structure as compact bone but less regular
  • spongy consist of plates (trabeculae)
A

spongy (cancellous)

157
Q

membrane of blood vessels and nerves

A

periosteum

158
Q

bone forming cell

A

osteoblast

159
Q

bone destroying cell

A

osteoclast

160
Q

mature bone cell

A

osteocyte

161
Q
  • point of contact between two bones
A

joints

162
Q

Three (3) main types of joints according to their degree of movement

A
  1. Diarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Synarthroses
163
Q

movable joints

A

diarthroses

164
Q

partially movable joints

A

amphiarthroses

165
Q

immovable joints

A

synarthroses

166
Q

Function of bones

A
  1. framework
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. mineral storage
  5. blood cell formation
167
Q
  • an important characteristic of animal
  • occurs in many form in animal tissues
A

animal movement

168
Q

Three (3) Principal Kinds of Animal Movement

A
  1. Ameboid Movement
  2. Ciliary and Flagellar Movement
  3. Muscular Movement
169
Q
  • a form of movement especially of amoebas and other unicellular forms
  • also found in many wandering cells of metazoans
A

Ameboid Movement

170
Q

Ameboid cells change their shape by sending out and withdrawing ____ from any point on the cell

A

pseudopodia (false feet)

171
Q
  • are minute, hair-like, motile processes that extends from the surfaces of the cells of many animals
  • found in all major groups of animals
A

cilia

172
Q
  • whiplike structure longer than a cilium
  • usually present singly or in small numbers at one end of a cell
A

flagellum

173
Q
  • muscles can do work by contraction
  • depends mostly on actinomyosin system
A

Muscular Movement

174
Q
  • describes the mechanism that allows muscles to contract.
  • According to this theory, myosin (a motor protein) binds to actin. The myosin then alters its configuration, resulting in a “stroke” that pulls on the actin filament and causes it to slide across the myosin filament
A

sliding filament theory

175
Q

Invertebrate muscles

A
  • striated
  • smooth
  • fibrillar
176
Q

vertebrate muscles

A
  • smooth
  • striated (skeletal, cardiac)
177
Q

toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part

A

proximal

178
Q

away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part

A

distal

179
Q

primary growth of bones

A

long

180
Q

secondary growth of bones

A
  • appositional
  • girth
181
Q

the process of bone formation

A

ossification

182
Q

stem cells in bone

A

osteogenic

183
Q

(invertebrate muscles)
striated muscle stimulus contraction ratio

A

1 stimulus :1 contraction

184
Q

(invertebrate muscles)
fibrillar muscle stimulus contraction ratio

A

1 stimulus : many contractions

185
Q

(invertebrate muscles)
- needs energy
- allow fast movement

A

striated

186
Q

(invertebrate muscles)
- slow
- does not need too much energy

A

smooth

187
Q

(invertebrate muscles)
- flight
- fast

A

fibrillar

188
Q
  • anatomical system of a species that allows it to move
  • in vertebrates, it is controlled through the nervous system, although some can be completely autonomous
A

muscular system

189
Q

Muscle functions

A
  • provide strength
  • balance
  • posture
  • movement
  • heat for the body to keep warm
190
Q

tissue composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated muscle fibers

A

skeletal muscle

191
Q

dark band

A

myosin

192
Q

light band

A

actin

193
Q

Two muscle proteins

A
  1. myosin
  2. actin
194
Q

large superfamily of motor proteins that move along actin filaments, while hydrolyzing ATP

A

myosin

195
Q

most abundant protein in the typical eukaryotic cell, accounting for about 15% in some cell types

A

actin

196
Q

connects to the actin filament in contraction

A

myosin head

197
Q

where the calcium binds in muscles

A

troponin complex

198
Q

mediate the interactions between the troponin complex and actin so as to regulate muscle contraction

A

tropomyosin

199
Q
  • syncytium by intercalated disc
  • unique variety of striated muscle tissue
  • capable of contracting without neural stimulation
A

cardiac muscle tissue

200
Q

Cardiac muscles tissue contain ___ and filaments of __ and __

A
  • myofibrils
  • actin
  • myosin
201
Q
  • uninucleated
  • fusiform
  • have myofibrils
  • lack cross-striations
A

smooth muscle tissue

202
Q

cytoplasm in muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

203
Q

long contractile fibers, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes

A

myofibrils

204
Q

the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber

A

sarcomere

205
Q

border proteins

A

Z lines

206
Q

bloated in the middle, tapered at the ends

A

fusiform

207
Q

the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber or a cardiomyocyte

A

sarcolemma

208
Q

Two types of ossification

A
  • intramembranous
  • endochondral

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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