Protection, Support, and Movement Flashcards
Protection: _
Integument
Support: _
Skeleton
Movement: _
Muscles
Integument is from the Latin word _
Integumentum (to cover)
- largest organ system
- protects the body from damage
Integument
What comprises the integument?
Skin and its appendages
The appendages of skin
- hair
- scales
- feathers
- nails
Integument is an attachment site for sensory receptors to detect
- pain
- sensation
- pressure
- temperature
Variety of functions of the integument
- to waterproof
- cushion
- protect deeper tissues
- excrete wastes
- regulate temperature
Invertebrate integument
Epidermis + - cuticle
Integument of Molluscs
soft, delicate, mucus-secreting glands
Shell of Molluscs
calcium carbonate
multilayer nano-reflectors with alternating high and low refractive indices, generating interference of light waves
Iridocytes
Animals with Iridocytes
- octopus
- squid
Integument of Arthropods
most complex (protection and support)
Epidermis and cuticle of Arthropods
- single-layered epidermis
- double-layered cuticle
Two layers of cuticle
- Epicuticle
- Procuticle
Outer, thin, nonchitinous
Epicuticle
Inner, thick, chitinous
Procuticle
Arthropods undergo molting leaving an __
exuviae
Cuticle of Arthropods can be hardened by
- Calcification
- Sclerotization
Calcification happens in what animals
crustaceans
Sclerotization happens in what animals
insects
Deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layer of procuticle
calcification
What is being deposited in calcification
calcium carbonate
Where is the calcium carbonate deposited during calcification
Procuticle
Cross linking of procuticle proteins forming a highly resistant and insoluble protein, sclerotin
sclerotization
What is formed in sclerotization
sclerotin
What is cross-linked in sclerotization
Procuticle proteins
Epidermis of crustaceans
hypodermis
- A bristle or hair in many invertebrates.
- are produced by the epidermis and consist either of a hollow projection of cuticle containing all or part of an epidermal cell (as in insects) or are composed of chitin (as in the chaetae of annelid worms)
seta
Function of seta on larger animals
sensation
Function of seta on smaller animals
locomotion
- some produce cuticle
- some are cement glands
- some are sort of salivary glands
tegumental glands
used to produce the cementing fluid that allow animals to attach to substrate, or for brooding
cement glands
Basic plan of vertebrate integument
- Epidermis
- Dermis
thin, outer, stratified epithelial layer derived from ectoderm
Epidermis
Where is epidermis derived from
ectoderm
Inner, thicker layer, derived from mesoderm
dermis
Where is dermis derived from
mesoderm
the technical term for our skin
Cutaneous membrane
active secretion of mucus
Mucous membrane
moisturize the skin
Sebaceous gland
Two layers of dermis in frogs
- Spongy dermis
- Compact dermis
houses glands
spongy dermis
houses blood vessels
compact dermis
visible hair on the skin
shaft
smooth muscle that causes hair to stand
Arrector Pili Muscle
subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
- deepest layer of tissue in the skin
- consists mostly of fat to keep the body warm
subcutaneous layer
Functions of skin
- Protects from injuries
- Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body.
- Regulates body temperature
- Synthesizes, stores vitamins
- Sensory functions
what vitamin does the skin store
vitamin D
how are vitamin D activated
by the sun
Vitamin D function
- absorption of calcium
- bone development
- linked to immune system
- upper layer of the skin
- thin
- avascular
- stratified squamous
Epidermis
Avascular
no blood vessels
Sublayers of the Epidermis
Stratum:
1. Germinativum
2. Spinosum
3. Granulosum
4. Lucidum
5. Corneum
- basal layer
- dividing cells
- good nutrient supply
- regeneration of skin
Stratum Germinativum
- living cells
- dividing
- 8-10 cells thick
- polygonal in appearance
Stratum Spinosum
How many cell layer thick is stratum spinosum
8-10 cells thick
Stratum Spinosum appearance
polygonal
- poor nutrient supply
- flatten layers of cells
- 3-5 cells thick
- no cell division
- keratinization
Stratum Granulosum
What layer does keratinization start?
Stratum Granulosum
How thick is Stratum Granulosum
3-5 cells thick
What are the germinal layers of the epidermis
- Stratum germinativum
- Stratum Spinosum
Other term for Stratum germinativum
Stratum Basale
cytosol are being replaced with keratin
keratinization
- found only in very thick skin
- translucent
- highly keratinized
- dead cells
Stratum Lucidum
- 25-30 cells thick
- cornified cells
- sloughed off
- outermost layer
Stratum Corneum
- connective tissue
- lots of collagenous fibers
- true skin
Dermis
Layers of the Dermis
- Papillary
- Reticular
- a thin superficial layer of areolar tissue
- heavily vascularized
Papillary
- about 80% of the dermis
- a typical dense irregular connective tissue
- contains bundles of interlacing collagen fibers that run parallel to the skin surface
Reticular
- consists of connective tissues (areolar and adipose)
- anchors skin to the underlying muscles
hypodermis (subcutaneous)
(derivatives) Skin Appendages
- Dermal derivatives
- Epidermal derivatives
Dermal derivatives
- Dermal Armor
- Chromatophores
Types of dermal armor
- dermal bone
- placoid scale
- ganoid, leptoid, ctenoid scale
- osteoderms
animals with dermal bone
ostracoderms
animals with ganoid, leptoid, ctenoid scale
bony fishes
animals with placoid scale
chondrichthyes
animals with osteoderms
- crocodile
- armadillo
- pigments
- derived from the embryonic nervous system
Chromatophores
Types of chromatophores
- melanophores
- lipophores and xanthophores
- erythrophores
- guanophores
- iridocytes
brown to black pigments
melanophores
yellow pigments
lipophores and xanthophores
red pigments
erythrophores
white pigments
guanophores
contain guanin crystals
iridocytes
What are the Epidermal Derivatives?
- Epidermal seal
- Epidermal scales
- Claws and nails
- Hooves
- Horns
- Antlers
- Hair
- Feathers
- Baleen
- Glands
Types of epidermal seal
- cuticle
- mucoid coat
- keratin
nonliving layer in protochordates, lung fishes, and larval amphibians
cuticle
mucous - fish, amphibians
mucoid coat
in all, but more pronounced in terrestrial vertebrates
keratin
form keratin that is first prevalent in reptiles and is being shed
Squamous cytoplasmic granules
the process of shedding the old skin (in reptiles) or casting off the outer cuticle (in insects and other arthropods)
ecdysis
difference between claws and nails
claws (weapon)
nails (protection on the tips)
___ are shed and regrown yearly while ___ are never shed and continue to grow throughout an animal’s life
Antlers
horns
Types of glands
- Ancestral Serous Glands
- Poison Glands
- Wax Glands
- Tubular Glands
- Sweat and mammary glands
- Modern serous glands
- Scent glands
precursor of glands
ancestral serous glands
glands in amphibians and frogs
poison glands
- glands in birds, mammals
- waterproofing
wax glands
glands with a tube-like shape throughout their length
tubular glands
- cannot be shed
- has rings
dermal scale
can be shed
epidermal scale
modified sweat glands
mammary glands
no part of the cell is lost with secretion
merocrine
the top of the cell is lost with the secretion
apocrine
the whole cell detaches with the secretion
holocrine
watery sweat
- eccrine
- apocrine
Types of scent glands
- mucous glands
- sebaceous gland
- uropygial gland
oil (scent glands of mammals)
sebaceous gland
oil gland on tail of birds
uropygial gland
Sensory Structures
- Deep touch/pressure
- Light touch/pressure
- Warm temperature
- Cold temperature
- Pain
Deep touch/pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
Light touch/pressure
Meissner’s corpuscles
Warm temperature
free nerve endings
Cold temperature
free nerve endings
Pain
free nerve endings
Different types of Support
- hydrostatic
- exoskeleton
- endoskeleton
- use a cavity filled with water; the water is incompressible, so the organism can use it to apply force or change shape.
- Plants use osmotic pressure to pressurize the cavity, whereas animals do it with muscle layers in the hydrostat’s walls.
hydrostatic
Movement of hydrostatic
alternating contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles
where are the muscles anchored in hydrostatic support
body fluid
rigid or articulated envelope that supports and protects the soft tissues of certain animals.
exoskeleton
internal skeleton
endoskeleton
made up of the bones in your head, neck, back and chest
axial skeleton
made up of everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
Adult skeleton consists of ___ bones
206 bones
Bones in skull
29 bones
Bones in spine
26 bones
bones in spine are called
vertebrae
Bones in ribs and breastbone
25 bones
Bones in shoulder, arms, and hands
64 bones
Bones in pelvis, legs, and feet
62 bones
Types of bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones
larger than they are wide
long bones
shape like cubes and are found primarily in the wrist and ankles
short bones
thin, flat and curved
flat bones
different shape not classified as long, short, or flat
irregular bones
small round bony masses embedded in certain tendons
sesamoid bones
made of spongy bone curved with a thin layer of compact bone
short, flat, and irregular bones
Anatomy of a long bone
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal plate or disc
- medullary cavity
- periosteum
- articular cartilage
long shaft of the bone
diaphysis
enlarge ends of the bone
epiphysis
growth plate
epiphyseal plate or disc
hallow center of the diaphysis
medullary cavity
tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis
periosteum
found on the outer surface of the epiphysis
articular cartilage
Three different types of bone tissue
- Compact Bone
- Spongy (Cancellous)
- Periosteum
dense layer, looks smooth and solid
compact bone
circles the bone with central canals
Haversian system
circles the bone
lamella
central canals
Haversian Canal
(bone) contains blood vessels and nerves
central canal
blood vessels and nerves go through lamellar bone to supply lacunae
perforating small canals
- mature bone cell
- resides in the space called lacuna
osteocytes
a cavity or depression, especially in bone
lacuna
- honeycombed, open spaces
- same structure as compact bone but less regular
- spongy consist of plates (trabeculae)
spongy (cancellous)
membrane of blood vessels and nerves
periosteum
bone forming cell
osteoblast
bone destroying cell
osteoclast
mature bone cell
osteocyte
- point of contact between two bones
joints
Three (3) main types of joints according to their degree of movement
- Diarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Synarthroses
movable joints
diarthroses
partially movable joints
amphiarthroses
immovable joints
synarthroses
Function of bones
- framework
- protection
- movement
- mineral storage
- blood cell formation
- an important characteristic of animal
- occurs in many form in animal tissues
animal movement
Three (3) Principal Kinds of Animal Movement
- Ameboid Movement
- Ciliary and Flagellar Movement
- Muscular Movement
- a form of movement especially of amoebas and other unicellular forms
- also found in many wandering cells of metazoans
Ameboid Movement
Ameboid cells change their shape by sending out and withdrawing ____ from any point on the cell
pseudopodia (false feet)
- are minute, hair-like, motile processes that extends from the surfaces of the cells of many animals
- found in all major groups of animals
cilia
- whiplike structure longer than a cilium
- usually present singly or in small numbers at one end of a cell
flagellum
- muscles can do work by contraction
- depends mostly on actinomyosin system
Muscular Movement
- describes the mechanism that allows muscles to contract.
- According to this theory, myosin (a motor protein) binds to actin. The myosin then alters its configuration, resulting in a “stroke” that pulls on the actin filament and causes it to slide across the myosin filament
sliding filament theory
Invertebrate muscles
- striated
- smooth
- fibrillar
vertebrate muscles
- smooth
- striated (skeletal, cardiac)
toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part
proximal
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part
distal
primary growth of bones
long
secondary growth of bones
- appositional
- girth
the process of bone formation
ossification
stem cells in bone
osteogenic
(invertebrate muscles)
striated muscle stimulus contraction ratio
1 stimulus :1 contraction
(invertebrate muscles)
fibrillar muscle stimulus contraction ratio
1 stimulus : many contractions
(invertebrate muscles)
- needs energy
- allow fast movement
striated
(invertebrate muscles)
- slow
- does not need too much energy
smooth
(invertebrate muscles)
- flight
- fast
fibrillar
- anatomical system of a species that allows it to move
- in vertebrates, it is controlled through the nervous system, although some can be completely autonomous
muscular system
Muscle functions
- provide strength
- balance
- posture
- movement
- heat for the body to keep warm
tissue composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated muscle fibers
skeletal muscle
dark band
myosin
light band
actin
Two muscle proteins
- myosin
- actin
large superfamily of motor proteins that move along actin filaments, while hydrolyzing ATP
myosin
most abundant protein in the typical eukaryotic cell, accounting for about 15% in some cell types
actin
connects to the actin filament in contraction
myosin head
where the calcium binds in muscles
troponin complex
mediate the interactions between the troponin complex and actin so as to regulate muscle contraction
tropomyosin
- syncytium by intercalated disc
- unique variety of striated muscle tissue
- capable of contracting without neural stimulation
cardiac muscle tissue
Cardiac muscles tissue contain ___ and filaments of __ and __
- myofibrils
- actin
- myosin
- uninucleated
- fusiform
- have myofibrils
- lack cross-striations
smooth muscle tissue
cytoplasm in muscle cells
sarcoplasm
long contractile fibers, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes
myofibrils
the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber
sarcomere
border proteins
Z lines
bloated in the middle, tapered at the ends
fusiform
the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber or a cardiomyocyte
sarcolemma
Two types of ossification
- intramembranous
- endochondral
