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ZZZ - General Zoology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

adjusting of physiological system within the body

A

homeostatic regulation

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3
Q

Three parts/ mechanisms of homeostatic regulation

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control center
  3. Effector
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4
Q

receives information that something in the environment is changing

A

receptor

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5
Q
  • aka integration center
  • receives and processes information from the receptor
A

control center

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6
Q

responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus

A

effector

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7
Q

Two (2) types of feedback

A
  1. Negative feedback
  2. Positive feedback
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8
Q
  • the response will reverse or cause the opposite effect of the original stimulus
  • the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state
A

negative feedback

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9
Q
  • occurs in nature when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction
  • In homeostasis, it moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium
A

positive feedback

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10
Q

example of negative feedback

A

regulation of the blood calcium level

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11
Q

example of positive feedback

A
  • Childbirth – stretching of uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this continues until birthing occurs)
  • Lactation – the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding (continues until baby stops feeding)
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12
Q

organisms that keep their internal fluids isotonic to their environment, that is, they maintain an internal salinity similar to their ambient conditions

A

Osmoconformers

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13
Q

organisms that actively regulate their osmotic pressure, independent of the surrounding environment

A

Osmoregulators

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14
Q

Examples of osmoconformers

A
  • starfish
  • crabs
  • jellyfish
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15
Q

Example of osmoregulators

A

freshwater fish

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16
Q

Other homeostatic mechanism

A
  1. Osmoregulation
  2. Thermoregulation
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17
Q
  • maintenance of water balance
  • organisms regulate osmotic pressure of their body to prevent body fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated
A

osmoregulation

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18
Q
  • maintenance of the body temperature
  • organisms are able to keep their body temperature within a certain range
A

thermoregulation

19
Q

animals succeed metabolically only in a ___ range of temperature

A

restricted

20
Q

too low temperature, metabolism ___ ___, energy production is ___

A

slows down
reduced

21
Q

too high temperature, metabolism is ___, enzymatic activity is ___

A

unbalanced
hampered

22
Q

any so-called cold-blooded animal—that is, any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface

A

Ectothermic animals

23
Q

examples of ectothermic animals

A
  • fishes
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • invertebrates
24
Q

animals that are able to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of their ambient temperature

A

Endothermic animals

25
Q

examples of endothermic animals

A
  • all birds and mammals
  • some fishes
26
Q

Two types of adjustment in ectothermic animals

A
  1. Behavioral Adjustment
  2. Metabolic Adjustment
27
Q

seeks areas where temperature is favorable

A

behavioral adjustment

28
Q

adjust metabolic rates to the prevailing temperature

A

metabolic adjustment

29
Q

body temperature range of mammals

A

36°C - 38°C

30
Q

body temperature range of birds

A

40°C - 42°C

31
Q

constant temperature of endothermic animals is maintained by a delicate balance between ___ ___ and ___ ___

A

heat production
heat loss

32
Q

living mainly in the ground

A

fossorial living

33
Q

active at night

A

nocturnal living

34
Q

Adaptations for hot environment

A
  1. fossorial living
  2. nocturnal living
35
Q

Adaptations for cold environment

A
  1. decreased conductance
  2. increased heat production
36
Q

reduction of heat loss by increasing the effectiveness of the insulation

A

decreased conductance

37
Q

example of decreased conductance

A
  1. fur thickness increases in winter
  2. countercurrent heat exchange between outgoing warm blood and returning cold blood
38
Q

example of increased heat production

A
  1. augmented muscular activity through exercise or shivering
  2. nonshivering thermogenesis by increased oxidation of foods especially from stores of brown fat
39
Q

an opening beneath the snow where small mammals live during winter, with connecting tunnels made by them to travel through, hunt prey, and gather plant material

A

subnivean zone

40
Q

entering a prolonged and controlled state of dormancy

A

hibernation

41
Q
  • “summer sleep” state of dormancy on a hot season
  • slowing down of the activity and metabolism during a hot and dry season (such as summer).
A

aestivation

42
Q

maintain high body temperature when active, but allow temperature to drop profoundly when inactive and asleep

A

daily torpor

43
Q
  • called daily torpor
  • provides enormous saving of energy to small endotherms that are never more than a few hours away from starvation at normal body temperatures. Hummingbirds also may drop their body temperature at night when food supplies are low
A

adaptive hypothermia

44
Q

animals that undergo adaptive hypothermia

A
  • mammals
  • birds

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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