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ZZZ - General Zoology > Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs > Flashcards

Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Plan of the Nervous System

A
  1. receive information from external and internal environments
  2. encode information
  3. transmit and process for appropriate action
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2
Q
  • functional units of nervous systems
  • May assume many sizes depending on its function and location
  • Has one or more dendrites and a single axon
  • nerve cell’s receptive apparatus
A

neurons

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3
Q

cause a signal to be generated and propagated

A

excitatory

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4
Q

making signal generation and propagation less likely

A

inhibitory

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5
Q

Classifications of Neurons

A
  1. Afferent (sensory)
  2. Efferent (motor)
  3. Interneurons (neither sensory nor motor)
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6
Q

surrounded by a single Schwann cell

A

unmyelinated neuron

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7
Q

Cell bodies are located either in the __ __ __ or in __

A
  • central nervous system
  • ganglia
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8
Q

vertebrate nerves are often enclosed by concentric rings of __

A

myelin

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9
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is produced by

A

Schwann cells

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10
Q

In the central nervous system, myelin is produced by

A

oligodendrocytes

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11
Q
  • an electrochemical message of neurons
  • alike in all neurons in all animals
  • “All-or-none” phenomenon
  • nerve fibers vary its signal by changing the frequency of signal conduction
  • the higher the frequency (or rate) of conduction, the greater is the level of excitation
A
  • nerve signal or
  • action potential
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12
Q

Resting Membrane Potential:
inside axon

A

Large impermeable anions: high
Potassium: high
Sodium: low
Chlorine: low

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13
Q

Resting Membrane Potential:
outside axon

A

Large impermeable anions: low
Potassium: low
Sodium: high
Chlorine: high

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14
Q

Inside axon = __mV

A

-70

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15
Q

Outside axon = __mV

A

0

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16
Q

When at rest, the membrane of a neuron is selectively permeable to __

A

K+

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17
Q

The permeability to __ is nearly zero because __ __ are closed in a resting membrane

A
  • Na+
  • Na+ channels
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18
Q

__ ions tend to diffuse __ through the membrane, following the gradient of potassium concentration.

A
  • Potassium
  • outward
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19
Q

Because large anions cannot pass through the membrane, __ __ potassium ions are drawn back into the cell

A

positively charged

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20
Q

A resting cell membrane has a very low permeability to Na+ but due to the __ __ __ and __ __, some Na+ leaks through it into the cell, even in the resting condition

A
  • high concentration gradient
  • electrical attraction
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21
Q

decayed resting membrane potential of the fiber is prevented by __ __

A

sodium pumps

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22
Q

In CNS, __ help to maintain the correct balance of ions surrounding neurons by storing excess potassium produced during neuronal activity

A

astrocytes

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23
Q
  • rapidly moving change in electrical membrane potential
  • very rapid and brief depolarization of the membrane of the nerve fiber
  • In a millisecond, the membrane potential changes from rest so that the outside becomes negative compared with the inside
A

action potential

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24
Q

once started the action potential moves along the nerve fiber automatically and unchanged in intensity, much like the burning of a fuse

A

Self-propagating

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25
Q

______ open suddenly for less than a millisecond, permitting Na+ to diffuse into the axon from the outside moving down the concentration gradient for Na and depolarizes the membrane.

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

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26
Q

The _______ is highly correlated with __ of the axon

A
  • speed of conduction
  • diameter
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27
Q

__ __ conduct slowly because internal resistance to current flow is high

A

Small axons

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28
Q

__ __ for most invertebrates for quick response such as in locomotion to capture prey or to avoid capture

A

Large axons

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29
Q

High conduction velocities in invertebrates is because of the

A

cooperative relationship between axons and investing layers of myelin

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30
Q
  • action potential leaps from node to node, bypassing the insulated portions of the fiber
  • Faster than continuous conduction
A

saltatory conduction

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31
Q

junction between nerves

A

synapses

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32
Q

Two (2) kinds of synapses

A
  1. Electrical synapses
  2. Chemical synapses
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33
Q
  • mechanical link between two neurons that allows for the conduction of electricity
  • show no time lag and consequently are important for escape reactions
A

electrical synapse

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34
Q

electrical synapse is demonstrated in both

A
  • invertebrate
  • vertebrate
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35
Q
  • Much complex than electrical impulses
  • contain packets or vesicles of specialized chemicals called neurotransmitters
A

chemical synapse

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36
Q

specialized chemicals in chemical synapse

A

neurotransmitters

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37
Q

Neurons bringing action potentials toward chemical synapses

A

presynaptic neurons

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38
Q

Neurons carrying action potentials away

A

postsynaptic neurons

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39
Q

appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells

A

Dendrites

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40
Q

ends of the neuron that are associated with the signaling of the neuronal impulses

A

synaptic knobs

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41
Q

key organelles involved in synaptic functions such as uptake, storage and stimulus-dependent release of neurotransmitter

A

Synaptic vesicles

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42
Q

membrane of a neuron that releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft between nerve cells

A

presynaptic membrane

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43
Q

membrane that receives a signal (binds neurotransmitter) from the presynaptic cell and responds via depolarisation or hyperpolarisation

A

postsynaptic membrane

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44
Q

The space between two neurons across which the impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter

A

synaptic cleft

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45
Q

transmit the actions of bound neurotransmitters, thus enabling cell-to-cell communication in the nervous system

A

Neurotransmitter receptors

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46
Q

Evolution of Nervous System in Invertebrates

A

Development of Centralized Nervous Systems

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47
Q

Evolution of Nervous System:
Hydra

A

nerve network

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48
Q

Evolution of Nervous System:
Planaria

A
  • anterior ganglia
  • nerve trunks
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49
Q

Evolution of Nervous System:
Earthworm

A
  • bilateral brain
  • segmental ganglia
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50
Q

Evolution of Nervous System:
Grasshopper

A

segmental ganglia

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51
Q
  • small organ of balance and orientation in some aquatic invertebrates
  • consisting of a sensory vesicle or cell containing statoliths
A

statocysts

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52
Q
  • simple photo-receptors (light-detecting organs)
  • consist of a single lens and several sensory cells
  • used to detect movement
A

Ocelli

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53
Q
  • proximal segments of peripheral nerves
  • emerging from the foramina of the spine with interchanging and intertwining nerves from different spinal levels that then form individual nerves more distally
A

nerve plexuses

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54
Q

simplest nervous system showing differentiation into a peripheral nervous system and a central nervous system which coordinates everything

A

Planaria:
- two anterior ganglia
- two main nerve trunks

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55
Q

The basic plan of molluscan nervous systems is a series of __ __ of __ __

A
  • three pairs
  • well-defined ganglia
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56
Q

animals with ganglia burgeoned into textured nervous centers of
great complexity (in octopuses, contain more than 160 million cells)

A

cephalopods

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57
Q

ganglia of cephalopods

A
  • highly developed sense organs
  • capable of learning
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58
Q

arthropods elaborates __ __ and learning have been documented in hymenopteran insects (bees, wasps, and ants) despite having a small brain

A

social behavior

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59
Q
  • pair of easily discernible neuropils comprising thousands of densely packed parallel neurons running on either side of the central complex from back to front and downward through the protocerebrum
A

mushroom bodies

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60
Q

basic plan of the vertebrate NS which terminates anteriorly in a large mass or brain

A

Hollow dorsal nerve cord

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61
Q

a concept that implies an increase in brain or neocortex size relative to body size, size of lower brain areas, and/or evolutionary time

A

Encephalization

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62
Q

__ and __ __ compose the
CNS

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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63
Q

During early embryonic development, the spinal cord and brain begin as an __ __ __, which by folding and enlarging becomes a long, hollow neural tube

A

ectodermal neural groove

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64
Q
  • special type of neural circuit that begins with a sensory neuron at a receptor and ends with a motor neuron at an effector
  • Refers to many neurons that work in group
  • Contains at least two neurons
A

reflex arc

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65
Q

Typical Parts of the Reflex Arc

A
  1. receptor
  2. afferent (sensory)
  3. central nervous system
  4. efferent (motor)
  5. effector
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66
Q
  • home to neural cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites, as well as all nerve synapses
  • abundant in the cerebellum, cerebrum, and brain stem
  • forms a butterfly-shaped portion of the central spinal cord
A

Gray matter

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67
Q
  • extends downward from the base of your brain
  • made up of nerve cells and groups of nerves that carry messages between your brain and the rest of your body
A

spinal cord

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68
Q
  • emerges from the dorsal root of the spinal nerves
  • carry sensory messages from various receptors at the periphery towards the central nervous system for a response
A

dorsal root ganglion (DRG)

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69
Q
  • space between two neurons where the message transfers between them
  • there is only one point where the message transfers between neurons
A

monosynaptic synapse

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70
Q

nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

A

sensory neurons

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71
Q

transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles, and so directly control all of our muscle movements

A

motor neuron

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72
Q

group of muscles at the front of your thigh

A

quadriceps muscle

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73
Q

in blood vessel walls, they detect blood pressure and convert mechanical stretch into action potentials to be sent to the central nervous system

A

Stretch receptors

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74
Q

largest sesamoid bone in the human body and is located anterior to knee joint

A

patella

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75
Q

attaches the bottom of the kneecap (patella) to the top of the shinbone (tibia)

A

patellar tendon

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76
Q
  • connect spinal motor and sensory neurons
  • can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity
A

interneurons

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77
Q
  • response to a stimulus acting over a reflex arc
  • Involuntary; breathing, heartbeat, diameter of blood vessels, sweat secretion
  • Some are innate; others are acquired through learning
A

reflex act

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78
Q

Center of the nervous system in all vertebrate animals and most invertebrate animals

A

brain

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79
Q

called the brain “great raveled knot”

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

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80
Q

what did Sir Charles Sherrington call the brain

A

“great raveled knot”

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81
Q

animal with the largest brain

A

sperm whale

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82
Q

Three (3) principal divisions of the brain of early vertebrates

A
  1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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83
Q
  • comprise more than 99% of the neurons in humans
  • major neuron type found in the CNS and the efferent division of the PNS
A

Multipolar neurons

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84
Q

prosencephalon

A

smell

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85
Q

mesencephalon

A

vision

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86
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hearing and balance

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87
Q
  • compact section of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • located either in CNS or in ganglia
A

cell body

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88
Q

Myelin sheath is made up of what substances

A

protein and fatty substances

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89
Q

Ratio of glial cells to nerves cells

A

3:1

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90
Q

axons with myelin sheath conducts __

A

faster

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91
Q

high conducting velocity

A

endotherms

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92
Q

conducting velocity fluctuates

A

ectotherms

93
Q

Two pairs of nerve roots extend from each segment of the spinal cord

A
  • ventral roots
  • dorsal roots
94
Q

anterior roots

A

ventral roots

95
Q

posterior roots

A

dorsal roots

96
Q

allow motor neurons to exit the spinal cord

A

ventral roots (anterior roots)

97
Q

allow sensory neurons to enter the spinal cord

A

dorsal roots (posterior roots)

98
Q

protect the central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
99
Q

Polysynaptic reflex use what neurons

A

interneurons

100
Q

utilizes interneurons which pass signals between the sensory and motor neurons, ultimately creating multiple synaptic connections

A

polysynaptic reflex

101
Q

Amount of neurons in the brain

A

86 billion

102
Q
  • where the most complex brains are found
  • largest and most complex one among invertebrates
A
  • squids (Theutidae)
  • octopods (Octopoda)
103
Q

Looks like an extension of spinal cord

A

rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

104
Q

Three parts of the hindbrain

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. cerebellum
  3. pons
105
Q
  • bottom-most part of your brain
  • where the brain and spinal cord connect, making it a key conduit for nerve signals to and from the body
  • helps control vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
A

medulla oblongata

106
Q
  • controls numerous vital and largely subconscious activities such as heartbeat, respiration, vascular tone, gastric secretions, and swallowing
  • bottom, stalklike portion of your brain
A

brain stem

107
Q

What does the brain stem control

A

subconscious activities

108
Q

Ex. of subconscious activities the brain stem control

A
  • heartbeat
  • respiration
  • gastric secretions
  • swallowing
109
Q
  • handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing
  • contains several junction points for nerves that control muscles
  • carry information from senses in your head and face
  • thick bundle of fibers that carry impulses from one side of
    the cerebellum to the other
A

pons

110
Q

What do pons control

A

unconscious processes and jobs

111
Q

Ex. of unconscious processes and jobs

A
  • sleep-wake cycle
  • breathing
112
Q

Pons connect what

A

medulla and cerebellum to other brain regions

113
Q

important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance

A

cerebellum

114
Q

What does the cerebellum control

A
  • equilibrium
  • posture
  • movement
115
Q

have most complex cerebellum

A

primates (esp. humans)

116
Q

have weakly developed cerebellum

A
  • amphibians
  • non-avian reptiles
117
Q

have well developed cerebellum

A

agile bony fishes

118
Q
  • home to sensory processing, endocrine structures, and higher reasoning
  • largest region of your brain
A

prosencephalon (forebrain)

119
Q

Two main divisions of the forebrain

A
  1. Diencephalon
  2. Telencephalon
120
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
121
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebrum

122
Q
  • major relay station
  • analyzes and passes sensory information to higher brain centers
A

thalamus

123
Q
  • acts as body’s smart control coordinating center
  • keep the body in a stable state called homeostasis
  • directly influence the autonomic nervous system
  • manage hormones
A

hypothalamus

124
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate

A
  • reproductive function
  • sexual and emotional behavior
125
Q

Four lobes of the brain

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
126
Q
  • largest lobes in the human brain
  • important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
A

frontal lobes

127
Q

Frontal lobe function

A
  • voluntary movement
  • expressive language
  • managing higher level executive functions
128
Q
  • home to the brain’s primary somatic sensory cortex
  • interprets input from other areas of the body
  • responsible for integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain
A

parietal lobe

129
Q

Parietal lobe function

A
  • integrating sensory information
    (touch, temperature, pressure, pain)
130
Q

visual processing area of the brain

A

occipital lobe

131
Q

Occipital lobe function

A
  • visual perception (color, form and motion)
  • memory formation
132
Q
  • most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory
A

temporal lobe

133
Q

Temporal lobe function

A
  • processing auditory information
  • encoding of memory
134
Q
  • thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres in your brain
  • ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other
A

corpus callosum

135
Q
  • where the optic nerves cross
  • primary importance to the visual pathway
A

optic chiasm

136
Q
  • Largest part of the brain
  • control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning
A

cerebrum

137
Q

Two divisions of the anterior portion of the forebrain

A
  1. Paleocortex
  2. Neocortex
138
Q

Paleocortex

A

limbic system

139
Q

Neocortex

A

cerebral cortex

140
Q

“nose brain”

A

rhinencephalon

141
Q
  • mediates several species-specific behaviors that relate to fulfilling needs such as feeding and sex
  • an old cortical area in which olfactory fibers are projected
A

paleocortex

142
Q

site of spatial learning and memory

A

hippocampus

143
Q
  • comprises the largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain
  • commands higher functions, such as sensory perception, emotion, and cognition
A

neocortex

144
Q
  • large “silent” regions concerned with integrative functions that are not directly connected to sense organs or muscles
  • occupy about 80% of the cortex
A

association areas

145
Q
  • primarily responsible for speech and abstract thinking
  • controls the right side of the body
A

left brain

146
Q
  • responsible for image processing, spatial thinking
  • controls movement in the left side of the body
A

right brain

147
Q

refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

148
Q
  • associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation
  • sort of relay station for auditory and visual information
A

midbrain

149
Q

Midbrain carries signals from __ to __ center

A
  • lower brain
  • higher brain
150
Q

Two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  1. Sensory (afferent division)
  2. Motor (efferent division)
151
Q

Two components in efferent division

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
152
Q

carry information from sensory receptors found all over the body towards the central nervous system

A

Afferent neurons

153
Q

carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action

A

Efferent neurons

154
Q

component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

155
Q

component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal

A

autonomic nervous system

156
Q

12 Cranial Nerves

A

1 - Olfactory
2 - Optic
3 - Oculomotor
4 - Trochlear
5 - Trigeminal
6 - Abducens
7 - Facial
8 - Vestibulocochlear
9 - Glossopharyngeal
10 - Vagus
11 - Spinal Accessory
12 - Hypoglossal

157
Q

Cranial Nerves mnemonics

A

Ooo To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Such Heaven

158
Q

Type of nerves of the 12 cranial nerves

A

1 - sensory
2 - sensory
3 - motor
4 - motor
5 - both
6 - motor
7 - both
8 - sensory
9 - both
10 - both
11 - motor
12 - motor

159
Q

Cranial Nerve Types mnemonics

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

160
Q

mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body’s periphery

A

spinal nerve

161
Q

Two motor neurons of the autonomic NS

A
  1. Preganglionic autonomic neurons
  2. Postganglionic autonomic neurons
162
Q

Subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. Parasympathetic NS
  2. Sympathetic NS
163
Q
  • network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger
  • helps run life-sustaining processes, like digestion, during times when you feel safe and relaxed
A

parasympathetic nervous system

164
Q
  • network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response
  • system’s activity increases when you’re stressed, in danger or physically active.
A

sympathetic nervous system

165
Q
  • network of vessels that clear waste from the central nervous system, mostly during sleep
  • promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system
A

glymphatic nervous system

166
Q
  • have specialized sensory receptors designed for detecting environmental status and change
  • biological transducers; specific for one kind of stimulus
  • provide senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, respectively, to aid the survival, development, learning, and adaptation of humans and other animals
A

Sense organs

167
Q

Sense organs

A
  • eyes
  • ears
  • nose
  • tongue
  • skin
168
Q

states that an individual’s mind cannot access objects in the natural environment except through the nerves

A

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

169
Q

first described the Law of Specific Nerve Energies

A

Johannes Muller in 1830s

170
Q
  • near the external surface
  • keep an animal informed about its external environment
A

exteroceptors

171
Q
  • internal parts of the body
  • receive stimuli from internal organs
A

interceptors

172
Q
  • in muscles, tendons, joints
  • sensitive to changes in tension of muscles and provide an organism with a sense of body position
A

proprioceptors

173
Q

Form of energy to which the receptors respond

A
  • chemical
  • mechanical
  • light
  • thermal
174
Q

oldest and most universal sense in the animal kingdom

A

chemoreception

175
Q

in unicellular forms, locate food and adequately oxygenated water and to avoid harmful substances

A

Contact chemical receptors

176
Q

orientation behavior; toward or away from a chemical source

A

Chemotaxis

177
Q

in metazoans; often developed into a remarkable degree of sensitivity

A

Distance chemical receptors

178
Q

guides feeding behavior, location and selection of sexual mates, territorial and trail marking, and alarm reactions of numerous animals

A

Distance chemoreception

179
Q

sensory hairs in which insect chemoreceptors are located

A

Sensilla

180
Q
  • present on the mouthparts, legs, wing margins, and ovipositor in females.
  • have a single pore at the tip and recognize four classes of compounds: sugar (attractive), bitter (repelling), salts, and water
A

Taste sensilla

181
Q

Four classes of compounds the taste sensilla recognize

A
  1. sugar (attractive)
  2. bitter (repelling)
  3. salts
  4. water
182
Q
  • located on the head on two pairs of olfactory organs: the antennae and the maxillary palps
  • pores on the cuticular walls allow odorant and pheromone molecules from the environment to contact the olfactory receptor neurons
A

Olfactory sensilla

183
Q
  • substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species
  • affect the physiology or behavior of another individual of the same species
A

Pheromones

184
Q

Where does the taste receptor in mammals occur

A

tongue

185
Q

Taste sensation categories

A
  • sweet
  • salty
  • acid
  • bitter
  • umami
186
Q

taste buds lifespan

A

5 - 10 days in mammals

187
Q
  • most highly developed in mammals
  • endings are located in a special epithelium covered by a thin film of mucus
  • positioned deep in the nasal cavity
A

olfaction

188
Q

flavor of foods depends on what?

A

odors reaching the olfactory epithelium during throat passage

189
Q

additional olfactory organ in many terrestrial vertebrates which responds to pheromones

A

vomeronasal organ

190
Q

Other term for vomeronasal organ

A

Jacobson’s organ

191
Q
  • sensitive to quantitative forces such as touch, pressure, stretching, sound, vibration, and gravity
  • respond to motion
A

mechanoreceptors

192
Q

found in receptors of invertebrates (esp. insects) that are sensitive to both touch and vibration

A

Tactile hairs

193
Q

in vertebrates; concentrated in areas especially important exploring and interpreting the environment

A

Superficial touch receptors

194
Q

register deep touch and pressure in mammalian skin

A

Pacinian corpuscles

195
Q

unspecialized nerve fiber endings that respond to a variety of stimuli signaling possible or real damage to tissues

A

Pain receptors

196
Q

Pain receptors also respond to __ __ of a tissue and __ __

A
  • mechanical movement
  • temperature changes
197
Q

Pain fibers respond to small peptides, such as substance P and bradykinins, which are released by injured cells

A

Slow pain

198
Q

more direct response of the nerve endings to mechanical or thermal stimuli

A

Fast pain

199
Q
  • sensory system found in fishes and aquatic amphibians
  • measure the relative movements between their body and the surrounding water at each of up to several thousand sensory organs, the neuromasts
A

lateral-line system

200
Q
  • receptor cells located on the body surface in aquatic amphibians and canals
  • running beneath the epidermis of fishes
A

neuromasts

201
Q

specialized receptor for detecting sound waves in the surrounding environment

A

ear

202
Q

part of the ear that contains organs of the senses of hearing and equilibrium

A

labyrinth or inner ear

203
Q

Subdivisions of the labyrinth

A
  1. vestibular labyrinth
  2. cochlear labyrinth
204
Q

What does the vestibular labyrinth contain

A
  • two sacs (utricle and saccule)
  • three semicircular canals
205
Q

Two sacs in the vestibular labyrinth

A
  • utricle
  • saccule
206
Q

fluid-filled membrane that contains the receptors for hearing

A

cochlear labyrinth

207
Q

specialized sense organs for monitoring gravity and low-frequency vibrations in invertebrates

A

Statocysts

208
Q

light-sensitive receptors

A

Photoreceptors

209
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • simple light-sensitive cells (invertebrates)
  • developed camera-type eye (vertebrates & cephalopods)
210
Q

Two different principles in more highly organized eyes

A
  1. Single-lens
  2. Multifaceted
211
Q

eyes of cephalopod mollusks and vertebrates

A

single-lens

212
Q

eyes in arthropods

A

multifaceted

213
Q

Eyes that are built like a camera:
front

A
  • light-tight chamber and
  • lens system
214
Q

Eyes that are built like a camera:
back

A

light-sensitive surface
(the retina)

215
Q
  • responsible for your sense of sight
  • part of the eye responsible for converting the light that enters your eye into electrical signals that can be decoded by the vision-processing center of the brain
A

Rods and cones

216
Q

responsible for color vision

A

cones

217
Q

light-sensitive pigments in both rods and cones

A

Rhodopsins

218
Q

Rhodopsin molecule consists of

A
  • opsin
  • retinal
219
Q

large protein in rhodopsin

A

opsin

220
Q

small carotenoid molecule and a derivative of vitamin A in rhodopsins

A

retinal

221
Q

contains much rhodopsin and is very sensitive to weak light

A

dark-adapted eye

222
Q
  • most of the rhodopsin is split into retinal and opsin
  • takes approximately half an hour to accommodate to darkness
A

light-adapted eye

223
Q

Cones require __ to __ times more light for stimulation than rods

A

50 - 100

224
Q

have pure rod retinas

A

nocturnal animals

225
Q
  • have only cones
  • virtually blind at night
A

diurnal forms

226
Q

Speculated that humans see color by relative excitation of three kinds of photoreceptors

A

Thomas Young

227
Q

Three types of cones in humans

A
  • blue
  • green
  • red
228
Q
  • system that determines the movements of the gastrointestinal tract
  • regulates gastric acid secretion, changes in local blood flow and the gut hormones release
  • interacts with the immune system in the gut
A

enteric nervous system

229
Q

What are the spinal nerves

A
  • cervical nerves (C1-C8)
  • thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
  • lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
  • sacral nerves (S1-S5)
  • coccygeal nerves (CO1)

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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