Circulatory and Transport System Flashcards
Functions of the circulatory system
- carry nutrients and oxygen to cells
- carry waste away from cells
- carry chemical signals form one part to another
- distribute heat throughout
- maintain fluid levels
do not need a circulatory system
unicellular organisms
lacks circulatory system
simple aquatic multicellular organism
- tube-like cells which line the pores called ostia present on the body wall of sponges.
- regulates incoming water current by contraction
porocytes
- specialized cells that have a single flagellum surrounded by a net-like collar of microvilli
- create a flow of water
- capture food items as they pass by these cells.
choanocytes
line the outside of the sponge and form its skin
flat epidermal cells
- transport of nutrients
- excretion of the spicules
- production of gametes
amoebocytes
require a circulatory system
complex multicellular organisms
Two types of circulatory system
- Open circulatory system
- Closed circulatory system
- blood is pumped by a heart through vessels
- does not normally fill body cavities
- echinoderms and vertebrates
Closed circulatory system
Example of organisms that does not need a circulatory system
- amoeba
- sponge
- fluid called hemolymph is pumped through a blood vessel that empties through a body cavity
- fluid returns to the blood vessel called ostia
- mollusks, crustaceans, insects
Open circulatory system
Examples of animals with closed circulatory system
- echinoderms
- vertebrates
Examples of animals with open circulatory system
- mollusks
- crustaceans
- insects
fluid that is pumped in open circulatory system
hemolymph
the primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid
hemocoel
where the fluid from the hemocoel returns to the heart
ostia
- the major structural component of an insect’s circulatory system
- runs longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen, along the inside of the dorsal body wall
- In most insects, it is a fragile, membranous structure that collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forward to the head
dorsal blood vessel
Two types of circulation
- Blood circulation
- Lymph circulation
blood circulation is via
cardiovascular system
lymph circulation is via
lymphatic system
central organ of the cardiovascular system
heart
tubes in the human or animal body in which blood circulates
blood vessels
constantly circulating fluid providing the body with nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal
blood
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels
- small structures that work as filters for foreign substances, such as cancer cells and infections
- contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid
lymph nodes
- is a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissues.
- a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues
lymph
fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
pericardium
Two layers of the pericardium
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium
- outer layer
- a layer of connective tissue that provides support and protection for the heart
- has a number of attachments to the diaphragm, the sternum , and the vertebral column.
- holds the heart in place.
fibrous pericardium
- inconsistent structures serving to tether the anterior surface of the pericardium to the sternum
sternopericardial ligaments
Two layers of the serous pericardium
- parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium
lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
lines the outer surface of the heart itself
visceral pericardium
continuous virtual space that lies between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
pericardial cavity
pericardial cavity contains what
pericardial fluid
fluid that provides lubrication between the two layers, and allows the heart to expand and contract
pericardial fluid
- an inflammation of the serous pericardium of the heart.
- results in an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, which effects the pattern of beating in the heart
Pericarditis
happens when the fluid sac around your heart fills with blood or other fluid, putting pressure on your heart
Cardiac tamponade
Three layers of tissue in the heart wall
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
- outermost layer of the heart itself
- innermost layer of the pericardium (visceral layer)
epicardium
- the muscular tissue of the heart
- make up the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall
myocardium
- the innermost layer of the heart
- lines the inner surfaces of the heart chambers, including the heart valves
- has direct contact with the blood
endocardium
Three key layers of blood vessels
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
carry blood away from the heart
arteries
Two types of arteries
- Elastic arteries
- Muscular arteries
- largest arteries closest to heart
- thick layers of elastic fibers
Elastic arteries
Example of elastic arteries
- aorta
- pulmonary arteries
increase or decrease of diameter
Muscular arteries
Examples of muscular arteries
- femoral arteries
- radial arteries
- brachial arteries
lines the interior of blood vessels
basement membrane
carry blood to the heart
veins
- transfer system between arteries and veins
- material exchange with tissues
capillaries
pressure in arteries
high
pressure in veins
low
pressure in capillaries
low
a hollow passageway or cavity through which blood flows
lumen
lumen diameter of arteries
narrow
lumen diameter of veins
wide
lumen diameter of capillaries
extremely narrow (one cell wide)
wall thickness of arteries
thick
wall thickness of veins
thin
wall thickness of capillaries
extremely thin (single cell thick)
wall layers of arteries
Three
wall layers of veins
Three
wall layers of capillaries
One (Tunica intima)
muscle and elastic fibers of arteries
large amounts
muscle and elastic fibers of veins
small amounts
muscle and elastic fibers of capillaries
none
valves in arteries
none
valves in veins
present
valves in capillaries
none
- outer layer of the blood vessel wall
- contains nerves and tiny vessels
tunica externa
- middle portion of the vessel wall
- thickest part of the wall
- contains smooth muscle cells and connective tissue
- helps vessels expand and contract
tunica media
- inner layer of blood vessels that surrounds the blood
- regulates blood pressure
- prevents blood clots
- keep toxins out of your blood
tunica intima
small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins
vasa vasorum
bulge in a weak or damaged portion of an artery
aneurysm
main blood vessel supplying blood to your lower body
femoral artery
- one branch of the brachial artery
- major blood vessel in the upper arm
radial artery
- major vessel supplying blood to upper arm, elbow, forearm and hand
- runs along the front part of biceps and ends at the cubital fossa (indentation between upper and lower arm, front of elbow)
brachial artery
brachial artery divides into its terminal branches:
- radial artery
- ulnar artery
Four main components of blood
- plasma
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
Two main classes of leukocytes
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
Granulocytes includes
- eosinophil
- basophil
- neutrophil
Agranulocytes includes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
Two main types of lymphocytes
- B-cells
- T-cells
lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow
b-cells
lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
t-cells
b in b-cells
bursa
t in t-cells
thymus
Why are b-cells named b-cells
Name comes from the name of the place they were discovered, the “Bursa of Fabricius”
Different types of heart in animals
- Two-chambered heart
- Three-chambered heart
- Four-chambered heart
Example of animal with a two-chambered heart
fish
Example of animal with a three-chambered heart
- reptile
- amphibian
Example of animal with a four-chambered heart
mammals
two-chambered heart
one atrium
one ventricle
three-chambered heart
two atria
one ventricle
four-chambered heart
two atria
two ventricles
circulation in a two-chambered heart
single
circulation in a three-chambered heart
double
circulation in a four-chambered heart
double
other term for atrium
auricle
(fish) collects venous blood and delivers it to the atrium
sinus venosus
(fish) receives oxygen-depleted blood and pumps it into the ventricle
atrium
(fish) the largest and most muscular chamber of the heart. When filled with blood, it constricts, forcing the blood through the bulbus arteriosus
ventricle
(fish) expands with each ventricular contraction as it fills with blood and maintains aortal pressure during ventricular diastole
bulbus arteriosus
Hearts of squids
- two gill hearts
- one systemic heart
(squid) force blood under pressure to the gills
two gill hearts
(squid) force blood under pressure to the rest of the body
systemic heart
wall of tissue separating the heart’s right and left sides
septum
carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart
vena cava
Two parts of vena cava
- Superior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart
Superior vena cava
carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis to the heart
Inferior vena cava
receives blood low in oxygen
right atrium
(amphibian) pumps blood out of the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body
ventricle
(amphibians)
- muscular and contains a spiral valve
- has an important role in directing blood into the correct arterial arches
conus arteriosus
receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs
left atrium
an expanded area located between the vena cava and the right atrium, serves as the pacemaker in amphibians like the frog
sinus venosus
transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary arteries
carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart
pulmonary veins
prevent the backward flow of blood
valves
Valves in the left side of a four-chambered heart
- Mitral valve
- Aortic valve
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Mitral valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic valve
- heart’s main pumping chamber
- pumps oxygen-rich blood up into your body’s main artery (aorta) to the rest of the body
left ventricle
- main vessel through which oxygen-rich blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body
aorta
- pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
right ventricle
Valves in the right side of a four-chambered heart
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary valve
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
causes both atria to contract simultaneously 70-80 impulses per minute
Sinoatrial node
Sinoatrial node
pacemaker
- introduces a delay between atrial and ventricular excitation, allowing for efficient ventricular filling
- passes the impulse to the walls of the ventricles, which contract simultaneously
Atrioventricular node
the system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation
pulmonary circuit
- carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body
- from the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart
systemic circuit
hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure
net movement out of capillary
osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure
net movement into capillary
collects, cleans and returns back the fluid into the blood
Lymphatic system
- assists in cleansing body fluids
- defense
Immune system
- immunity from serum antibodies produced by plasma cells
- b-cells
Humoral immunity
Example conditions of humoral immune response
- anaphylaxis
- eczema
- does not rely on antibodies to perform adaptive immunological activities.
- Mature T cells, macrophages, and the production of cytokines in response to an antigen are the main drivers
Cell-mediated immunity
Example conditions of cell-mediated response
- toenail fungus
- contact dermatitis
- protect the body from a specific invader
- are developed by cells called B lymphocytes after the body has been exposed to the invader
antibodies
- any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
- immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off
- may be a substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen
antigen
NIH
National Institutes of Health
A type of immune cell that stimulates killer T cells, macrophages, and B cells to make immune responses
helper T cell
- other name for helper T cells
- MHC-II restricted and pre-programmed for helper functions
CD4 T cells
MHC I-restricted and pre-programmed for cytotoxic functions
CD8 T cells
Two basic components of viruses
- Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
- Protein coat
protein coat of viruses
capsid
A complete virus particle is called a ___
virion
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
a virus that attacks the body’s immune system
HIV
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane
lysis
Epidermal cells of sponges
Pinacocytes
Difference between lymphocytes and monocytes in terms of fighting against pathogens
Monocytes
- destroy pathogens through phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
- produce antibodies against pathogens
