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ZZZ - General Zoology > Circulatory and Transport System > Flashcards

Circulatory and Transport System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A
  • carry nutrients and oxygen to cells
  • carry waste away from cells
  • carry chemical signals form one part to another
  • distribute heat throughout
  • maintain fluid levels
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2
Q

do not need a circulatory system

A

unicellular organisms

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3
Q

lacks circulatory system

A

simple aquatic multicellular organism

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4
Q
  • tube-like cells which line the pores called ostia present on the body wall of sponges.
  • regulates incoming water current by contraction
A

porocytes

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5
Q
  • specialized cells that have a single flagellum surrounded by a net-like collar of microvilli
  • create a flow of water
  • capture food items as they pass by these cells.
A

choanocytes

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6
Q

line the outside of the sponge and form its skin

A

flat epidermal cells

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7
Q
  • transport of nutrients
  • excretion of the spicules
  • production of gametes
A

amoebocytes

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8
Q

require a circulatory system

A

complex multicellular organisms

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9
Q

Two types of circulatory system

A
  1. Open circulatory system
  2. Closed circulatory system
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10
Q
  • blood is pumped by a heart through vessels
  • does not normally fill body cavities
  • echinoderms and vertebrates
A

Closed circulatory system

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11
Q

Example of organisms that does not need a circulatory system

A
  • amoeba
  • sponge
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12
Q
  • fluid called hemolymph is pumped through a blood vessel that empties through a body cavity
  • fluid returns to the blood vessel called ostia
  • mollusks, crustaceans, insects
A

Open circulatory system

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13
Q

Examples of animals with closed circulatory system

A
  • echinoderms
  • vertebrates
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14
Q

Examples of animals with open circulatory system

A
  • mollusks
  • crustaceans
  • insects
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15
Q

fluid that is pumped in open circulatory system

A

hemolymph

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16
Q

the primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid

A

hemocoel

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17
Q

where the fluid from the hemocoel returns to the heart

A

ostia

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18
Q
  • the major structural component of an insect’s circulatory system
  • runs longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen, along the inside of the dorsal body wall
  • In most insects, it is a fragile, membranous structure that collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forward to the head
A

dorsal blood vessel

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19
Q

Two types of circulation

A
  1. Blood circulation
  2. Lymph circulation
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20
Q

blood circulation is via

A

cardiovascular system

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21
Q

lymph circulation is via

A

lymphatic system

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22
Q

central organ of the cardiovascular system

A

heart

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23
Q

tubes in the human or animal body in which blood circulates

A

blood vessels

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24
Q

constantly circulating fluid providing the body with nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal

A

blood

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25
Q

A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system

A

lymphatic vessels

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26
Q
  • small structures that work as filters for foreign substances, such as cancer cells and infections
  • contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid
A

lymph nodes

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27
Q
  • is a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissues.
  • a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues
A

lymph

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28
Q

fibrous sac that surrounds the heart

A

pericardium

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29
Q

Two layers of the pericardium

A
  1. fibrous pericardium
  2. serous pericardium
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30
Q
  • outer layer
  • a layer of connective tissue that provides support and protection for the heart
  • has a number of attachments to the diaphragm, the sternum , and the vertebral column.
  • holds the heart in place.
A

fibrous pericardium

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31
Q
  • inconsistent structures serving to tether the anterior surface of the pericardium to the sternum
A

sternopericardial ligaments

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32
Q

Two layers of the serous pericardium

A
  1. parietal pericardium
  2. visceral pericardium
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33
Q

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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34
Q

lines the outer surface of the heart itself

A

visceral pericardium

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35
Q

continuous virtual space that lies between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

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36
Q

pericardial cavity contains what

A

pericardial fluid

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37
Q

fluid that provides lubrication between the two layers, and allows the heart to expand and contract

A

pericardial fluid

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38
Q
  • an inflammation of the serous pericardium of the heart.
  • results in an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, which effects the pattern of beating in the heart
A

Pericarditis

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39
Q

happens when the fluid sac around your heart fills with blood or other fluid, putting pressure on your heart

A

Cardiac tamponade

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40
Q

Three layers of tissue in the heart wall

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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41
Q
  • outermost layer of the heart itself
  • innermost layer of the pericardium (visceral layer)
A

epicardium

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42
Q
  • the muscular tissue of the heart
  • make up the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall
A

myocardium

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43
Q
  • the innermost layer of the heart
  • lines the inner surfaces of the heart chambers, including the heart valves
  • has direct contact with the blood
A

endocardium

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44
Q

Three key layers of blood vessels

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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45
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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46
Q

Two types of arteries

A
  1. Elastic arteries
  2. Muscular arteries
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47
Q
  • largest arteries closest to heart
  • thick layers of elastic fibers
A

Elastic arteries

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48
Q

Example of elastic arteries

A
  • aorta
  • pulmonary arteries
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49
Q

increase or decrease of diameter

A

Muscular arteries

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50
Q

Examples of muscular arteries

A
  • femoral arteries
  • radial arteries
  • brachial arteries
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51
Q

lines the interior of blood vessels

A

basement membrane

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52
Q

carry blood to the heart

A

veins

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53
Q
  • transfer system between arteries and veins
  • material exchange with tissues
A

capillaries

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54
Q

pressure in arteries

A

high

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55
Q

pressure in veins

A

low

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56
Q

pressure in capillaries

A

low

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57
Q

a hollow passageway or cavity through which blood flows

A

lumen

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58
Q

lumen diameter of arteries

A

narrow

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59
Q

lumen diameter of veins

A

wide

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60
Q

lumen diameter of capillaries

A

extremely narrow (one cell wide)

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61
Q

wall thickness of arteries

A

thick

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62
Q

wall thickness of veins

A

thin

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63
Q

wall thickness of capillaries

A

extremely thin (single cell thick)

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64
Q

wall layers of arteries

A

Three

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65
Q

wall layers of veins

A

Three

66
Q

wall layers of capillaries

A

One (Tunica intima)

67
Q

muscle and elastic fibers of arteries

A

large amounts

68
Q

muscle and elastic fibers of veins

A

small amounts

69
Q

muscle and elastic fibers of capillaries

A

none

70
Q

valves in arteries

A

none

71
Q

valves in veins

A

present

72
Q

valves in capillaries

A

none

73
Q
  • outer layer of the blood vessel wall
  • contains nerves and tiny vessels
A

tunica externa

74
Q
  • middle portion of the vessel wall
  • thickest part of the wall
  • contains smooth muscle cells and connective tissue
  • helps vessels expand and contract
A

tunica media

75
Q
  • inner layer of blood vessels that surrounds the blood
  • regulates blood pressure
  • prevents blood clots
  • keep toxins out of your blood
A

tunica intima

76
Q

small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins

A

vasa vasorum

77
Q

bulge in a weak or damaged portion of an artery

A

aneurysm

78
Q

main blood vessel supplying blood to your lower body

A

femoral artery

79
Q
  • one branch of the brachial artery
  • major blood vessel in the upper arm
A

radial artery

80
Q
  • major vessel supplying blood to upper arm, elbow, forearm and hand
  • runs along the front part of biceps and ends at the cubital fossa (indentation between upper and lower arm, front of elbow)
A

brachial artery

81
Q

brachial artery divides into its terminal branches:

A
  • radial artery
  • ulnar artery
82
Q

Four main components of blood

A
  • plasma
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • thrombocytes
83
Q

Two main classes of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
84
Q

Granulocytes includes

A
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • neutrophil
85
Q

Agranulocytes includes

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
86
Q

Two main types of lymphocytes

A
  • B-cells
  • T-cells
87
Q

lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow

A

b-cells

88
Q

lymphocyte that matures in the thymus

A

t-cells

89
Q

b in b-cells

A

bursa

90
Q

t in t-cells

A

thymus

91
Q

Why are b-cells named b-cells

A

Name comes from the name of the place they were discovered, the “Bursa of Fabricius”

92
Q

Different types of heart in animals

A
  1. Two-chambered heart
  2. Three-chambered heart
  3. Four-chambered heart
93
Q

Example of animal with a two-chambered heart

A

fish

94
Q

Example of animal with a three-chambered heart

A
  • reptile
  • amphibian
95
Q

Example of animal with a four-chambered heart

A

mammals

96
Q

two-chambered heart

A

one atrium
one ventricle

97
Q

three-chambered heart

A

two atria
one ventricle

98
Q

four-chambered heart

A

two atria
two ventricles

99
Q

circulation in a two-chambered heart

A

single

100
Q

circulation in a three-chambered heart

A

double

101
Q

circulation in a four-chambered heart

A

double

102
Q

other term for atrium

A

auricle

103
Q

(fish) collects venous blood and delivers it to the atrium

A

sinus venosus

104
Q

(fish) receives oxygen-depleted blood and pumps it into the ventricle

A

atrium

105
Q

(fish) the largest and most muscular chamber of the heart. When filled with blood, it constricts, forcing the blood through the bulbus arteriosus

A

ventricle

106
Q

(fish) expands with each ventricular contraction as it fills with blood and maintains aortal pressure during ventricular diastole

A

bulbus arteriosus

107
Q

Hearts of squids

A
  • two gill hearts
  • one systemic heart
108
Q

(squid) force blood under pressure to the gills

A

two gill hearts

109
Q

(squid) force blood under pressure to the rest of the body

A

systemic heart

110
Q

wall of tissue separating the heart’s right and left sides

A

septum

111
Q

carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart

A

vena cava

112
Q

Two parts of vena cava

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
113
Q

carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart

A

Superior vena cava

114
Q

carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis to the heart

A

Inferior vena cava

115
Q

receives blood low in oxygen

A

right atrium

116
Q

(amphibian) pumps blood out of the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body

A

ventricle

117
Q

(amphibians)
- muscular and contains a spiral valve
- has an important role in directing blood into the correct arterial arches

A

conus arteriosus

118
Q

receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs

A

left atrium

119
Q

an expanded area located between the vena cava and the right atrium, serves as the pacemaker in amphibians like the frog

A

sinus venosus

120
Q

transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

A

pulmonary arteries

121
Q

carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart

A

pulmonary veins

122
Q

prevent the backward flow of blood

A

valves

123
Q

Valves in the left side of a four-chambered heart

A
  1. Mitral valve
  2. Aortic valve
124
Q

located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

Mitral valve

125
Q

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic valve

126
Q
  • heart’s main pumping chamber
  • pumps oxygen-rich blood up into your body’s main artery (aorta) to the rest of the body
A

left ventricle

127
Q
  • main vessel through which oxygen-rich blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body
A

aorta

128
Q
  • pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
A

right ventricle

129
Q

Valves in the right side of a four-chambered heart

A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Pulmonary valve
130
Q

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

131
Q

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary valve

132
Q

causes both atria to contract simultaneously 70-80 impulses per minute

A

Sinoatrial node

133
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker

134
Q
  • introduces a delay between atrial and ventricular excitation, allowing for efficient ventricular filling
  • passes the impulse to the walls of the ventricles, which contract simultaneously
A

Atrioventricular node

135
Q

the system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation

A

pulmonary circuit

136
Q
  • carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body
  • from the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart
A

systemic circuit

137
Q

hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure

A

net movement out of capillary

138
Q

osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure

A

net movement into capillary

139
Q

collects, cleans and returns back the fluid into the blood

A

Lymphatic system

140
Q
  • assists in cleansing body fluids
  • defense
A

Immune system

141
Q
  • immunity from serum antibodies produced by plasma cells
  • b-cells
A

Humoral immunity

142
Q

Example conditions of humoral immune response

A
  • anaphylaxis
  • eczema
143
Q
  • does not rely on antibodies to perform adaptive immunological activities.
  • Mature T cells, macrophages, and the production of cytokines in response to an antigen are the main drivers
A

Cell-mediated immunity

144
Q

Example conditions of cell-mediated response

A
  • toenail fungus
  • contact dermatitis
145
Q
  • protect the body from a specific invader
  • are developed by cells called B lymphocytes after the body has been exposed to the invader
A

antibodies

146
Q
  • any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
  • immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off
  • may be a substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen
A

antigen

147
Q

NIH

A

National Institutes of Health

148
Q

A type of immune cell that stimulates killer T cells, macrophages, and B cells to make immune responses

A

helper T cell

149
Q
  • other name for helper T cells
  • MHC-II restricted and pre-programmed for helper functions
A

CD4 T cells

150
Q

MHC I-restricted and pre-programmed for cytotoxic functions

A

CD8 T cells

151
Q

Two basic components of viruses

A
  1. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
  2. Protein coat
152
Q

protein coat of viruses

A

capsid

153
Q

A complete virus particle is called a ___

A

virion

154
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

155
Q

a virus that attacks the body’s immune system

A

HIV

156
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

157
Q

group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

158
Q

the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

A

lysis

159
Q

Epidermal cells of sponges

A

Pinacocytes

160
Q

Difference between lymphocytes and monocytes in terms of fighting against pathogens

A

Monocytes
- destroy pathogens through phagocytosis

Lymphocytes
- produce antibodies against pathogens

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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