Animal Tissues Flashcards
an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function
Tissue
function of the tissues are necessary to the __ of multicellular organisms
survival
study of tissues
histology
study of tissues in connection with disease
histopathology
Four (4) types of animal tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Connective Tissue
a protective, continuous sheet of compactly packed cells
epithelial tissue
Characteristics of epithelial tissues
- Cellularity
- Polarity
- Attachment
- Vascularity
- Innervation
- Regeneration
- highly cellular
- tissue as a whole is primarily composed of cells
cellularity
Why is epithelial tissue compact?
Make use of specialized junctions
Three (3) types of specialized junctions
- Tight Junctions
- Adherens Junctions
- Gap Junctions
seal that prevents leakage of the content through the cell membranes
Tight Junctions
- link the two cells by their cytoskeleton
- initiation and stabilization of cell-cell adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intracellular signaling and transcriptional regulation
Adherens Junctions
- cell to cell connection that allows transport of materials
- movement of ions and molecules
Gap Junctions
the cells have different appearance in their upper and lower parts
Polarity
Upper surface of epithelial tissue
Apical surface
Lower surface of epithelial tissue
Basal surface
Basal surface characteristic
flat
Apical surface characteristic
different in appearance
Where the epithelium is connected
basement membrane
two parts of the basement membrane
- basal lamina
- reticular lamina
basal surface are attached to the basement membrane
Attachment
basal lamina is produced by the __
epithelium
reticular lamina is produced by the __ __
connective tissue
- does not have its own blood supply
- materials are diffused from neighboring parts
Vascularity
rich in nervous endings
Innervation
can repair and regenerate itself
Regeneration
Steps in Wound Healing
- Coagulation
- Inflammatory Response
- Epithelialization
- Fibroplasia
- Maturation
functions of the epithelial tissue
- protection
- control permeability
- sensation
- secretions
function of skin
protection
function of lungs
protection and gas exchange
function of thyroid
secretion
function of liver
secretion
function of intestine
absorption
function of kidney
filtration
Three classifications of epithelial tissues
- cell shape
- layer
- types
Three types of cell shape in epithelial tissues
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
flat and thin
squamous
box in shape
cuboidal
taller than wide in shape
columnar
Four types of layer in epithelial tissues
- simple
- stratified
- pseudostratified
- transitional
one layer
simple
two or more layers
stratified
appear stratified due to position of nuclei
pseudostratified
made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched
transitional
Two types of epithelial tissue
- Membranous
- Glandular
act as covering
membranous epithelium
form glands
glandular epithelium
Roles of membranous types
- selective diffusion
- absorption/secretion
- physical protection
- containment
Roles of glandular types
- exocrine
- endocrine
have ducts
exocrine
ductless - make use of the blood circulation
endocrine
- unicellular glands
- produce mucus
goblet cells
enhance the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell
microvilli
location of simple squamous epithelium
- air sacs of lungs
- lining of heart
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubrication substance
simple squamous epithelium
secretes and absorbs
simple cuboidal epithelium
location of simple cuboidal epithelium
- ducts & secretory portions of small glands
- kidney tubules
- absorbs
- also created mucus and enzymes
simple columnar epithelium
location of simple columnar epithelium
- ciliated: bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
- smooth: digestive tract and bladder
- secretes mucus
- ciliated tissue moves mucus
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- ciliated tissue lines the trachea
- much of the upper respiratory tract
protects against abrasion
stratified squamous epithelium
location of stratified squamous epithelium
lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
protective tissue
stratified cuboidal epithelium
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
- sweat glands
- salivary glands
- mammary glands
secretes and protects
stratified columnar epithelium
location of stratified columnar epithelium
- male urethra
- ducts of some glands
allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch
transitional epithelium
location of transitional epithelium
- lines the bladder, urethra and ureters
contains densely packed nerve cell, which are specialized for nerve impulse conduction
nervous tissue
compositions of nervous tissues
- neurons
- glial cells
- specialized type of cell
- vary in shape and size
neurons
What are the three principle parts in neurons
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
where nucleus is found in the neuron
cell body
where information is received
dendrites
where formation is sent to the effector
axon
messengers of nervous tissues
neurotransmitters
an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord
myelin sheath
gap between glial cells
nodes of ranvier
Four types of neurons
- Anaxonic neuron
- Unipolar neuron
- Bipolar neurons
- Multipolar neurons
type of neuron where there is no axon or it cannot be differentiated from the dendrites.
anaxonic neuron
conducts action potentials from the dendrites to the cell body, where they pass directly to the central process
unipolar neuron
a type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)
bipolar neuron
- the most common types of neurons in the CNS; they form the autonomic ganglia
- they possess a single axon with several symmetrically radiating dendrites
- some neurons have multiple axons or lack axons all together.
multipolar neuron
are non conducting cells that protect and nurture as well as support cells of nervous tissue
glial cells
five types of glial cells
- oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells
- Schwann cells
- microglia
- astrocytes
glial cells in central nervous system
oligodendrocytes
glial cells found in the inner linings of the brain and spinal chord
ependymal cells
glial cells in peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
- blood-brain barrier
- biggest among the glial cells
- many
- also involved in material exchange
astrocytes
shape of astrocytes
star-like
- smallest
- for protection
- macrophages
microglia
composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts
muscle tissue
Properties of muscle tissues
- contractility
- excitability
- extensibility
- elasticity
- ability of muscles to forcefully shorten
- allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force
contractility
ability to respond to a stimulus which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone
excitability
ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended
extensibility
ability of a muscle to return to its original length when relaxed
elasticity
Types of muscle tissue
- Striated
- Non striated
striated muscle tissues
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
non striated muscle tissues
smooth muscle
- long cylindrical fiber
- striated
- many peripherally located nuclei
skeletal muscle
function of skeletal muscles
- voluntary movement
- produces heat
- protects organs
location of skeletal muscles
- attached to bones
- around entrance points to the body
- short
- branched
- striated
- single central nucleus
cardiac muscle
function of cardiac muscle
contracts to pump blood
location of cardiac muscles
heart
- short
- spindle-shaped
- no evident striation
- single nucleus in each fiber
smooth muscle
function of smooth muscles
- involuntary movement
- moves food
- involuntary control of respiration
- moves secretions
- regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction
location of smooth muscles
walls of major organs and passageways
- fibrous tissue found throughout the body
- cells, fibers, and ground substance
- bind structures together
connective tissue
Components of connective tissues
- ground substance
- cells
- fibers
A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body
extracellular matrix
- usually colorless
- viscous
- found in spaces between the cells and fibers
- proteins act as glue
- sieve
ground substance
- delicate network
- collagenous
reticular fibers
gives elasticity
elastic fibers
strongest
collagen
- secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues
- a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue
fibroblast
a calorie storage system accepting chemical energy in the form of glucose and fatty acid from the blood
adipocyte
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells
macrophages
functions of connective tissue
- binds various tissue together
- tung daghan pa TT
protects the body against wound and infection
areolar tissue
stores fats and insulates the body against heat loss
adipose tissue
forms shape and the framework of the body
supportive tissue
produce blood
hematopoietic tissue
helps in body immunity
lymphatic tissue
Types of Connective Tissues
- Proper connective tissue
- Supporting/skeletal
- Fluid
two types of proper connective tissue
- Loose CT
- Dense (fibrous) CT
what are the loose connective tissues
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
matrix is soft, less rigid and shows varying degree of toughness
proper connective tissue
- the cells in the matrix are widely distributed and fibers are loosely woven
- generally connects and support various tissues and organs and helps them to resist strain and displacement
loose connective tissue
- has homogenous, transparent, semi-fluid and gelatinous matrix
- bind tissues together
- engulf bacteria and damaged dead cells
- secrete heparin and histamine
- produce antibodies
areolar connective tissue
cells in areolar CT matrix
- fibroblast
- macrophages
- mast cells
- lymphocytes
- fat
- plasma cells
fibers in areolar CT matrix
- white collagen fibers
- yellow collagen fibers
- modified form of areolar tissue that contains large number of fat cells
- stores energy
- shock absorber
- insulation
adipose connective tissue
- modified form of areolar tissue that contains large number of reticular cells
- for immunity and body defenses
reticular connective tissue
location of adipose CT
- beneath skin in dermis
- mesenteries
- around kidney
- heart
- eye balls
location of reticular CT
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- liver
- bone marrow
- thymus
- tonsils
- fibers dominate over the cells and the matrix in quantity
- fibers may be regularly or irregularly arranged
dense (fibrous) CT
what are the dense (fibrous) connective tissues
- white fibrous tissue
- yellow elastic tissue
- contains fibroblast cells and collagen fibers and very few amount of matrix
- occurs in two forms
white fibrous tissue
white fibrous tissue two forms
- tendons
- sheath
- contains numerous and closely packed yellow elastic fibers
- present in ligament, blood vessel walls, vocal cords, respiratory tract
yellow elastic tissue
binds bone to bone
ligament
binds muscle to bone
tendon
supporting tissue that forms the endoskeleton of vertebrates
supporting/skeletal connective tissue
two types of supporting/skeletal CT
- cartilage
- bone
- chondroblast and chondrocyte cells
- ECM with chondroitin sulphate
cartilage
fibers of cartilage
- collagen
- or mixture of collagen and elastin fibers
Three types of cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrous
Cartilage: ground substance only
hyaline cartilage
Cartilage: ground substance with non-elastic collagen fibers
fibrous cartilage
Cartilage: ground substance with yellow elastic fibers
elastic cartilage
- osteoblast and osteocyte cells
- ECM with hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
- bone cell and collagen fibers embedded in the matrix
bone
responsible for aged bone resorption
osteoclast
responsible for new bone formation
osteoblast
two types of bone tissue
- spongy
- compact
- forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body
- provide strength and protection
compact bone tissue
the extracellular matrix around the cells that gives compact bone its hardness and rigidity
lamellae
small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte’s dendrites, and saturated by an interstitial fluid rich in ions
canaliculi
matrix is web like rather than solid with number of space in between
spongy bone tissue
compact bone is also known as __
cortical bone
spongy bone is also known as __
trabeculae
spongy bones lack ___ and ___
- Haversian canal system
- Volkmann’s canal
Two types of fluid connective tissues
- blood
- lymph
blood makes up about __ of total body weight
8%
percentage by volume of blood
- plasma (55%)
- buffy coat
- formed elements (45%)
plasma percentage by weight
- water (91%)
- proteins (7%)
- other solutes (2%)
life span of RBC
120 days
other term for RBS
erythrocytes
life span of WBC
20 days
other term for WBC
leukocytes
ratio of RBC to WBC
600:1
life span of platelets
7 days
buffy coat
- platelets (250-400 thousand)
- white blood cells (5-10 thousand)
formed elements
red blood cells (4.2-6.2 million)
elements of blood
- plasma (about 55%)
- platelets
- red blood cells (about 41%)
- white blood cells (about 4%)
- bilobed
- produce histamine
eosinophil
- multilobed
- phagocytic
neutrophil
- multilobed
- inflammation response
basophil
when plasma goes into surrounding tissue it is called __
interstitial fluid
When interstitial fluid goes into lymphatic vessels it is called __
lymph
tissue inflammation
edema
collects interstitial fluid
lymphatic vessels
difference between lymph and blood in terms of color and RBC
- lymph is colorless and does not contain RBC
- blood is red-colored and contains RBC
difference between lymph and blood in terms of function
- lymph helps in body defense
- blood is associated with circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
difference between lymph and blood in terms of plasma
- lymph’s plasma lacks proteins
- blood’s plasma has proteins, calcium, and phosphorus
difference between lymph and blood in terms of what it transports
- lymph transports nutrients from the tissue cells to the blood through lymphatic vessels
- blood transports nutrients and oxygen from one organ to another
difference between lymph and blood in terms of flow speed
- lymph flow is slow
- blood flow is fast
where the lymphatic vessels return the lymph to the blood
subclavian vein
series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
Three (3) basic groups of neurons depending on their function
- Sensory Neurons
- Motor Neurons
- Relay Neurons
long dendrites and short axons
Sensory Neurons
short dendrites and long axons
Motor Neurons
Short dendrites and short or long axons
Relay Neurons
Naturally occurring form of calcium phosphate
Hydroxyapatite
Functions of adipose connective tissue
- stores energy
- shock absorber
- insulation
