Animal Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function
A
Tissue
2
Q
function of the tissues are necessary to the __ of multicellular organisms
A
survival
3
Q
study of tissues
A
histology
4
Q
study of tissues in connection with disease
A
histopathology
5
Q
Four (4) types of animal tissues
A
- Epithelial Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Connective Tissue
6
Q
a protective, continuous sheet of compactly packed cells
A
epithelial tissue
7
Q
Characteristics of epithelial tissues
A
- Cellularity
- Polarity
- Attachment
- Vascularity
- Innervation
- Regeneration
8
Q
- highly cellular
- tissue as a whole is primarily composed of cells
A
cellularity
9
Q
Why is epithelial tissue compact?
A
Make use of specialized junctions
10
Q
Three (3) types of specialized junctions
A
- Tight Junctions
- Adherens Junctions
- Gap Junctions
11
Q
seal that prevents leakage of the content through the cell membranes
A
Tight Junctions
12
Q
- link the two cells by their cytoskeleton
- initiation and stabilization of cell-cell adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intracellular signaling and transcriptional regulation
A
Adherens Junctions
13
Q
- cell to cell connection that allows transport of materials
- movement of ions and molecules
A
Gap Junctions
14
Q
the cells have different appearance in their upper and lower parts
A
Polarity
15
Q
Upper surface of epithelial tissue
A
Apical surface
16
Q
Lower surface of epithelial tissue
A
Basal surface
17
Q
Basal surface characteristic
A
flat
18
Q
Apical surface characteristic
A
different in appearance
19
Q
Where the epithelium is connected
A
basement membrane
20
Q
two parts of the basement membrane
A
- basal lamina
- reticular lamina
21
Q
basal surface are attached to the basement membrane
A
Attachment
22
Q
basal lamina is produced by the __
A
epithelium
23
Q
reticular lamina is produced by the __ __
A
connective tissue
24
Q
- does not have its own blood supply
- materials are diffused from neighboring parts
A
Vascularity
25
rich in nervous endings
Innervation
26
can repair and regenerate itself
Regeneration
27
Steps in Wound Healing
1. Coagulation
2. Inflammatory Response
3. Epithelialization
4. Fibroplasia
5. Maturation
28
functions of the epithelial tissue
- protection
- control permeability
- sensation
- secretions
29
function of skin
protection
30
function of lungs
protection and gas exchange
31
function of thyroid
secretion
32
function of liver
secretion
33
function of intestine
absorption
34
function of kidney
filtration
35
Three classifications of epithelial tissues
1. cell shape
2. layer
3. types
36
Three types of cell shape in epithelial tissues
1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
37
flat and thin
squamous
38
box in shape
cuboidal
39
taller than wide in shape
columnar
40
Four types of layer in epithelial tissues
1. simple
2. stratified
3. pseudostratified
4. transitional
41
one layer
simple
42
two or more layers
stratified
43
appear stratified due to position of nuclei
pseudostratified
44
made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched
transitional
45
Two types of epithelial tissue
1. Membranous
2. Glandular
46
act as covering
membranous epithelium
47
form glands
glandular epithelium
48
Roles of membranous types
1. selective diffusion
2. absorption/secretion
3. physical protection
4. containment
49
Roles of glandular types
1. exocrine
2. endocrine
50
have ducts
exocrine
51
ductless - make use of the blood circulation
endocrine
52
- unicellular glands
- produce mucus
goblet cells
53
enhance the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell
microvilli
54
location of simple squamous epithelium
- air sacs of lungs
- lining of heart
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
55
allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubrication substance
simple squamous epithelium
56
secretes and absorbs
simple cuboidal epithelium
57
location of simple cuboidal epithelium
- ducts & secretory portions of small glands
- kidney tubules
58
- absorbs
- also created mucus and enzymes
simple columnar epithelium
59
location of simple columnar epithelium
- ciliated: bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
- smooth: digestive tract and bladder
60
- secretes mucus
- ciliated tissue moves mucus
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
61
location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- ciliated tissue lines the trachea
- much of the upper respiratory tract
62
protects against abrasion
stratified squamous epithelium
63
location of stratified squamous epithelium
lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
64
protective tissue
stratified cuboidal epithelium
65
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
- sweat glands
- salivary glands
- mammary glands
66
secretes and protects
stratified columnar epithelium
67
location of stratified columnar epithelium
- male urethra
- ducts of some glands
68
allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch
transitional epithelium
69
location of transitional epithelium
- lines the bladder, urethra and ureters
70
contains densely packed nerve cell, which are specialized for nerve impulse conduction
nervous tissue
71
compositions of nervous tissues
1. neurons
2. glial cells
72
- specialized type of cell
- vary in shape and size
neurons
73
What are the three principle parts in neurons
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
74
where nucleus is found in the neuron
cell body
75
where information is received
dendrites
76
where formation is sent to the effector
axon
77
messengers of nervous tissues
neurotransmitters
78
an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord
myelin sheath
79
gap between glial cells
nodes of ranvier
80
Four types of neurons
1. Anaxonic neuron
2. Unipolar neuron
3. Bipolar neurons
4. Multipolar neurons
81
type of neuron where there is no axon or it cannot be differentiated from the dendrites.
anaxonic neuron
82
conducts action potentials from the dendrites to the cell body, where they pass directly to the central process
unipolar neuron
83
a type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)
bipolar neuron
84
- the most common types of neurons in the CNS; they form the autonomic ganglia
- they possess a single axon with several symmetrically radiating dendrites
- some neurons have multiple axons or lack axons all together.
multipolar neuron
85
are non conducting cells that protect and nurture as well as support cells of nervous tissue
glial cells
86
five types of glial cells
1. oligodendrocytes
2. ependymal cells
3. Schwann cells
4. microglia
5. astrocytes
87
glial cells in central nervous system
oligodendrocytes
88
glial cells found in the inner linings of the brain and spinal chord
ependymal cells
89
glial cells in peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
90
- blood-brain barrier
- biggest among the glial cells
- many
- also involved in material exchange
astrocytes
91
shape of astrocytes
star-like
92
- smallest
- for protection
- macrophages
microglia
93
composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts
muscle tissue
94
Properties of muscle tissues
1. contractility
2. excitability
3. extensibility
4. elasticity
95
- ability of muscles to forcefully shorten
- allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force
contractility
96
ability to respond to a stimulus which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone
excitability
97
ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended
extensibility
98
ability of a muscle to return to its original length when relaxed
elasticity
99
Types of muscle tissue
1. Striated
2. Non striated
100
striated muscle tissues
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
101
non striated muscle tissues
smooth muscle
102
- long cylindrical fiber
- striated
- many peripherally located nuclei
skeletal muscle
103
function of skeletal muscles
- voluntary movement
- produces heat
- protects organs
104
location of skeletal muscles
- attached to bones
- around entrance points to the body
105
- short
- branched
- striated
- single central nucleus
cardiac muscle
106
function of cardiac muscle
contracts to pump blood
107
location of cardiac muscles
heart
108
- short
- spindle-shaped
- no evident striation
- single nucleus in each fiber
smooth muscle
109
function of smooth muscles
- involuntary movement
- moves food
- involuntary control of respiration
- moves secretions
- regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction
110
location of smooth muscles
walls of major organs and passageways
111
- fibrous tissue found throughout the body
- cells, fibers, and ground substance
- bind structures together
connective tissue
112
Components of connective tissues
1. ground substance
2. cells
3. fibers
113
A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body
extracellular matrix
114
- usually colorless
- viscous
- found in spaces between the cells and fibers
- proteins act as glue
- sieve
ground substance
115
- delicate network
- collagenous
reticular fibers
116
gives elasticity
elastic fibers
117
strongest
collagen
118
- secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues
- a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue
fibroblast
119
a calorie storage system accepting chemical energy in the form of glucose and fatty acid from the blood
adipocyte
120
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells
macrophages
121
functions of connective tissue
- binds various tissue together
- tung daghan pa TT
122
protects the body against wound and infection
areolar tissue
123
stores fats and insulates the body against heat loss
adipose tissue
124
forms shape and the framework of the body
supportive tissue
125
produce blood
hematopoietic tissue
126
helps in body immunity
lymphatic tissue
127
Types of Connective Tissues
1. Proper connective tissue
2. Supporting/skeletal
3. Fluid
128
two types of proper connective tissue
1. Loose CT
2. Dense (fibrous) CT
129
what are the loose connective tissues
1. areolar
2. adipose
3. reticular
130
matrix is soft, less rigid and shows varying degree of toughness
proper connective tissue
131
- the cells in the matrix are widely distributed and fibers are loosely woven
- generally connects and support various tissues and organs and helps them to resist strain and displacement
loose connective tissue
132
- has homogenous, transparent, semi-fluid and gelatinous matrix
- bind tissues together
- engulf bacteria and damaged dead cells
- secrete heparin and histamine
- produce antibodies
areolar connective tissue
133
cells in areolar CT matrix
- fibroblast
- macrophages
- mast cells
- lymphocytes
- fat
- plasma cells
134
fibers in areolar CT matrix
- white collagen fibers
- yellow collagen fibers
135
- modified form of areolar tissue that contains large number of fat cells
- stores energy
- shock absorber
- insulation
adipose connective tissue
136
- modified form of areolar tissue that contains large number of reticular cells
- for immunity and body defenses
reticular connective tissue
137
location of adipose CT
- beneath skin in dermis
- mesenteries
- around kidney
- heart
- eye balls
138
location of reticular CT
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- liver
- bone marrow
- thymus
- tonsils
139
- fibers dominate over the cells and the matrix in quantity
- fibers may be regularly or irregularly arranged
dense (fibrous) CT
140
what are the dense (fibrous) connective tissues
1. white fibrous tissue
2. yellow elastic tissue
141
- contains fibroblast cells and collagen fibers and very few amount of matrix
- occurs in two forms
white fibrous tissue
142
white fibrous tissue two forms
- tendons
- sheath
143
- contains numerous and closely packed yellow elastic fibers
- present in ligament, blood vessel walls, vocal cords, respiratory tract
yellow elastic tissue
144
binds bone to bone
ligament
145
binds muscle to bone
tendon
146
supporting tissue that forms the endoskeleton of vertebrates
supporting/skeletal connective tissue
147
two types of supporting/skeletal CT
1. cartilage
2. bone
148
- chondroblast and chondrocyte cells
- ECM with chondroitin sulphate
cartilage
149
fibers of cartilage
- collagen
- or mixture of collagen and elastin fibers
150
Three types of cartilage
1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrous
151
Cartilage: ground substance only
hyaline cartilage
152
Cartilage: ground substance with non-elastic collagen fibers
fibrous cartilage
153
Cartilage: ground substance with yellow elastic fibers
elastic cartilage
154
- osteoblast and osteocyte cells
- ECM with hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
- bone cell and collagen fibers embedded in the matrix
bone
155
responsible for aged bone resorption
osteoclast
156
responsible for new bone formation
osteoblast
157
two types of bone tissue
1. spongy
2. compact
158
- forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body
- provide strength and protection
compact bone tissue
159
the extracellular matrix around the cells that gives compact bone its hardness and rigidity
lamellae
160
small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte's dendrites, and saturated by an interstitial fluid rich in ions
canaliculi
161
matrix is web like rather than solid with number of space in between
spongy bone tissue
162
compact bone is also known as __
cortical bone
163
spongy bone is also known as __
trabeculae
164
spongy bones lack ___ and ___
- Haversian canal system
- Volkmann's canal
165
Two types of fluid connective tissues
1. blood
2. lymph
166
blood makes up about __ of total body weight
8%
167
percentage by volume of blood
- plasma (55%)
- buffy coat
- formed elements (45%)
168
plasma percentage by weight
- water (91%)
- proteins (7%)
- other solutes (2%)
169
life span of RBC
120 days
170
other term for RBS
erythrocytes
171
life span of WBC
20 days
172
other term for WBC
leukocytes
173
ratio of RBC to WBC
600:1
174
life span of platelets
7 days
175
buffy coat
- platelets (250-400 thousand)
- white blood cells (5-10 thousand)
176
formed elements
red blood cells (4.2-6.2 million)
177
elements of blood
- plasma (about 55%)
- platelets
- red blood cells (about 41%)
- white blood cells (about 4%)
178
- bilobed
- produce histamine
eosinophil
179
- multilobed
- phagocytic
neutrophil
180
- multilobed
- inflammation response
basophil
181
when plasma goes into surrounding tissue it is called __
interstitial fluid
182
When interstitial fluid goes into lymphatic vessels it is called __
lymph
183
tissue inflammation
edema
184
collects interstitial fluid
lymphatic vessels
185
difference between lymph and blood in terms of color and RBC
- lymph is colorless and does not contain RBC
- blood is red-colored and contains RBC
186
difference between lymph and blood in terms of function
- lymph helps in body defense
- blood is associated with circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
187
difference between lymph and blood in terms of plasma
- lymph's plasma lacks proteins
- blood's plasma has proteins, calcium, and phosphorus
188
difference between lymph and blood in terms of what it transports
- lymph transports nutrients from the tissue cells to the blood through lymphatic vessels
- blood transports nutrients and oxygen from one organ to another
189
difference between lymph and blood in terms of flow speed
- lymph flow is slow
- blood flow is fast
190
where the lymphatic vessels return the lymph to the blood
subclavian vein
191
series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
192
Three (3) basic groups of neurons depending on their function
1. Sensory Neurons
2. Motor Neurons
3. Relay Neurons
193
long dendrites and short axons
Sensory Neurons
194
short dendrites and long axons
Motor Neurons
195
Short dendrites and short or long axons
Relay Neurons
196
Naturally occurring form of calcium phosphate
Hydroxyapatite
197
Functions of adipose connective tissue
- stores energy
- shock absorber
- insulation
