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ZZZ - General Zoology > Animal Tissues > Flashcards

Animal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

function of the tissues are necessary to the __ of multicellular organisms

A

survival

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3
Q

study of tissues

A

histology

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4
Q

study of tissues in connection with disease

A

histopathology

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5
Q

Four (4) types of animal tissues

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Nervous Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Connective Tissue
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6
Q

a protective, continuous sheet of compactly packed cells

A

epithelial tissue

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7
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

A
  1. Cellularity
  2. Polarity
  3. Attachment
  4. Vascularity
  5. Innervation
  6. Regeneration
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8
Q
  • highly cellular
  • tissue as a whole is primarily composed of cells
A

cellularity

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9
Q

Why is epithelial tissue compact?

A

Make use of specialized junctions

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10
Q

Three (3) types of specialized junctions

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Adherens Junctions
  3. Gap Junctions
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11
Q

seal that prevents leakage of the content through the cell membranes

A

Tight Junctions

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12
Q
  • link the two cells by their cytoskeleton
  • initiation and stabilization of cell-cell adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intracellular signaling and transcriptional regulation
A

Adherens Junctions

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13
Q
  • cell to cell connection that allows transport of materials
  • movement of ions and molecules
A

Gap Junctions

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14
Q

the cells have different appearance in their upper and lower parts

A

Polarity

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15
Q

Upper surface of epithelial tissue

A

Apical surface

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16
Q

Lower surface of epithelial tissue

A

Basal surface

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17
Q

Basal surface characteristic

A

flat

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18
Q

Apical surface characteristic

A

different in appearance

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19
Q

Where the epithelium is connected

A

basement membrane

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20
Q

two parts of the basement membrane

A
  • basal lamina
  • reticular lamina
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21
Q

basal surface are attached to the basement membrane

A

Attachment

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22
Q

basal lamina is produced by the __

A

epithelium

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23
Q

reticular lamina is produced by the __ __

A

connective tissue

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24
Q
  • does not have its own blood supply
  • materials are diffused from neighboring parts
A

Vascularity

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25
Q

rich in nervous endings

A

Innervation

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26
Q

can repair and regenerate itself

A

Regeneration

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27
Q

Steps in Wound Healing

A
  1. Coagulation
  2. Inflammatory Response
  3. Epithelialization
  4. Fibroplasia
  5. Maturation
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28
Q

functions of the epithelial tissue

A
  • protection
  • control permeability
  • sensation
  • secretions
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29
Q

function of skin

A

protection

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30
Q

function of lungs

A

protection and gas exchange

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31
Q

function of thyroid

A

secretion

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32
Q

function of liver

A

secretion

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33
Q

function of intestine

A

absorption

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34
Q

function of kidney

A

filtration

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35
Q

Three classifications of epithelial tissues

A
  1. cell shape
  2. layer
  3. types
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36
Q

Three types of cell shape in epithelial tissues

A
  1. squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
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37
Q

flat and thin

A

squamous

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38
Q

box in shape

A

cuboidal

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39
Q

taller than wide in shape

A

columnar

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40
Q

Four types of layer in epithelial tissues

A
  1. simple
  2. stratified
  3. pseudostratified
  4. transitional
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41
Q

one layer

A

simple

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42
Q

two or more layers

A

stratified

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43
Q

appear stratified due to position of nuclei

A

pseudostratified

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44
Q

made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched

A

transitional

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45
Q

Two types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Membranous
  2. Glandular
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46
Q

act as covering

A

membranous epithelium

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47
Q

form glands

A

glandular epithelium

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48
Q

Roles of membranous types

A
  1. selective diffusion
  2. absorption/secretion
  3. physical protection
  4. containment
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49
Q

Roles of glandular types

A
  1. exocrine
  2. endocrine
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50
Q

have ducts

A

exocrine

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51
Q

ductless - make use of the blood circulation

A

endocrine

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52
Q
  • unicellular glands
  • produce mucus
A

goblet cells

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53
Q

enhance the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell

A

microvilli

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54
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A
  • air sacs of lungs
  • lining of heart
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
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55
Q

allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubrication substance

A

simple squamous epithelium

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56
Q

secretes and absorbs

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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57
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • ducts & secretory portions of small glands
  • kidney tubules
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58
Q
  • absorbs
  • also created mucus and enzymes
A

simple columnar epithelium

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59
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • ciliated: bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
  • smooth: digestive tract and bladder
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60
Q
  • secretes mucus
  • ciliated tissue moves mucus
A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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61
Q

location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • ciliated tissue lines the trachea
  • much of the upper respiratory tract
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62
Q

protects against abrasion

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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63
Q

location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

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64
Q

protective tissue

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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65
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • sweat glands
  • salivary glands
  • mammary glands
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66
Q

secretes and protects

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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67
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • male urethra
  • ducts of some glands
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68
Q

allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch

A

transitional epithelium

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69
Q

location of transitional epithelium

A
  • lines the bladder, urethra and ureters
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70
Q

contains densely packed nerve cell, which are specialized for nerve impulse conduction

A

nervous tissue

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71
Q

compositions of nervous tissues

A
  1. neurons
  2. glial cells
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72
Q
  • specialized type of cell
  • vary in shape and size
A

neurons

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73
Q

What are the three principle parts in neurons

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
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74
Q

where nucleus is found in the neuron

A

cell body

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75
Q

where information is received

A

dendrites

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76
Q

where formation is sent to the effector

A

axon

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77
Q

messengers of nervous tissues

A

neurotransmitters

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78
Q

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord

A

myelin sheath

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79
Q

gap between glial cells

A

nodes of ranvier

80
Q

Four types of neurons

A
  1. Anaxonic neuron
  2. Unipolar neuron
  3. Bipolar neurons
  4. Multipolar neurons
81
Q

type of neuron where there is no axon or it cannot be differentiated from the dendrites.

A

anaxonic neuron

82
Q

conducts action potentials from the dendrites to the cell body, where they pass directly to the central process

A

unipolar neuron

83
Q

a type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)

A

bipolar neuron

84
Q
  • the most common types of neurons in the CNS; they form the autonomic ganglia
  • they possess a single axon with several symmetrically radiating dendrites
  • some neurons have multiple axons or lack axons all together.
A

multipolar neuron

85
Q

are non conducting cells that protect and nurture as well as support cells of nervous tissue

A

glial cells

86
Q

five types of glial cells

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. ependymal cells
  3. Schwann cells
  4. microglia
  5. astrocytes
87
Q

glial cells in central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes

88
Q

glial cells found in the inner linings of the brain and spinal chord

A

ependymal cells

89
Q

glial cells in peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

90
Q
  • blood-brain barrier
  • biggest among the glial cells
  • many
  • also involved in material exchange
A

astrocytes

91
Q

shape of astrocytes

A

star-like

92
Q
  • smallest
  • for protection
  • macrophages
A

microglia

93
Q

composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts

A

muscle tissue

94
Q

Properties of muscle tissues

A
  1. contractility
  2. excitability
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
95
Q
  • ability of muscles to forcefully shorten
  • allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force
A

contractility

96
Q

ability to respond to a stimulus which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a hormone

A

excitability

97
Q

ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended

A

extensibility

98
Q

ability of a muscle to return to its original length when relaxed

A

elasticity

99
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Striated
  2. Non striated
100
Q

striated muscle tissues

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
101
Q

non striated muscle tissues

A

smooth muscle

102
Q
  • long cylindrical fiber
  • striated
  • many peripherally located nuclei
A

skeletal muscle

103
Q

function of skeletal muscles

A
  • voluntary movement
  • produces heat
  • protects organs
104
Q

location of skeletal muscles

A
  • attached to bones
  • around entrance points to the body
105
Q
  • short
  • branched
  • striated
  • single central nucleus
A

cardiac muscle

106
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

contracts to pump blood

107
Q

location of cardiac muscles

A

heart

108
Q
  • short
  • spindle-shaped
  • no evident striation
  • single nucleus in each fiber
A

smooth muscle

109
Q

function of smooth muscles

A
  • involuntary movement
  • moves food
  • involuntary control of respiration
  • moves secretions
  • regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction
110
Q

location of smooth muscles

A

walls of major organs and passageways

111
Q
  • fibrous tissue found throughout the body
  • cells, fibers, and ground substance
  • bind structures together
A

connective tissue

112
Q

Components of connective tissues

A
  1. ground substance
  2. cells
  3. fibers
113
Q

A large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body

A

extracellular matrix

114
Q
  • usually colorless
  • viscous
  • found in spaces between the cells and fibers
  • proteins act as glue
  • sieve
A

ground substance

115
Q
  • delicate network
  • collagenous
A

reticular fibers

116
Q

gives elasticity

A

elastic fibers

117
Q

strongest

A

collagen

118
Q
  • secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues
  • a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue
A

fibroblast

119
Q

a calorie storage system accepting chemical energy in the form of glucose and fatty acid from the blood

A

adipocyte

120
Q

A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells

A

macrophages

121
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  • binds various tissue together
  • tung daghan pa TT
122
Q

protects the body against wound and infection

A

areolar tissue

123
Q

stores fats and insulates the body against heat loss

A

adipose tissue

124
Q

forms shape and the framework of the body

A

supportive tissue

125
Q

produce blood

A

hematopoietic tissue

126
Q

helps in body immunity

A

lymphatic tissue

127
Q

Types of Connective Tissues

A
  1. Proper connective tissue
  2. Supporting/skeletal
  3. Fluid
128
Q

two types of proper connective tissue

A
  1. Loose CT
  2. Dense (fibrous) CT
129
Q

what are the loose connective tissues

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
130
Q

matrix is soft, less rigid and shows varying degree of toughness

A

proper connective tissue

131
Q
  • the cells in the matrix are widely distributed and fibers are loosely woven
  • generally connects and support various tissues and organs and helps them to resist strain and displacement
A

loose connective tissue

132
Q
  • has homogenous, transparent, semi-fluid and gelatinous matrix
  • bind tissues together
  • engulf bacteria and damaged dead cells
  • secrete heparin and histamine
  • produce antibodies
A

areolar connective tissue

133
Q

cells in areolar CT matrix

A
  • fibroblast
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • lymphocytes
  • fat
  • plasma cells
134
Q

fibers in areolar CT matrix

A
  • white collagen fibers
  • yellow collagen fibers
135
Q
  • modified form of areolar tissue that contains large number of fat cells
  • stores energy
  • shock absorber
  • insulation
A

adipose connective tissue

136
Q
  • modified form of areolar tissue that contains large number of reticular cells
  • for immunity and body defenses
A

reticular connective tissue

137
Q

location of adipose CT

A
  • beneath skin in dermis
  • mesenteries
  • around kidney
  • heart
  • eye balls
138
Q

location of reticular CT

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • liver
  • bone marrow
  • thymus
  • tonsils
139
Q
  • fibers dominate over the cells and the matrix in quantity
  • fibers may be regularly or irregularly arranged
A

dense (fibrous) CT

140
Q

what are the dense (fibrous) connective tissues

A
  1. white fibrous tissue
  2. yellow elastic tissue
141
Q
  • contains fibroblast cells and collagen fibers and very few amount of matrix
  • occurs in two forms
A

white fibrous tissue

142
Q

white fibrous tissue two forms

A
  • tendons
  • sheath
143
Q
  • contains numerous and closely packed yellow elastic fibers
  • present in ligament, blood vessel walls, vocal cords, respiratory tract
A

yellow elastic tissue

144
Q

binds bone to bone

A

ligament

145
Q

binds muscle to bone

A

tendon

146
Q

supporting tissue that forms the endoskeleton of vertebrates

A

supporting/skeletal connective tissue

147
Q

two types of supporting/skeletal CT

A
  1. cartilage
  2. bone
148
Q
  • chondroblast and chondrocyte cells
  • ECM with chondroitin sulphate
A

cartilage

149
Q

fibers of cartilage

A
  • collagen
  • or mixture of collagen and elastin fibers
150
Q

Three types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrous
151
Q

Cartilage: ground substance only

A

hyaline cartilage

152
Q

Cartilage: ground substance with non-elastic collagen fibers

A

fibrous cartilage

153
Q

Cartilage: ground substance with yellow elastic fibers

A

elastic cartilage

154
Q
  • osteoblast and osteocyte cells
  • ECM with hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
  • bone cell and collagen fibers embedded in the matrix
A

bone

155
Q

responsible for aged bone resorption

A

osteoclast

156
Q

responsible for new bone formation

A

osteoblast

157
Q

two types of bone tissue

A
  1. spongy
  2. compact
158
Q
  • forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body
  • provide strength and protection
A

compact bone tissue

159
Q

the extracellular matrix around the cells that gives compact bone its hardness and rigidity

A

lamellae

160
Q

small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte’s dendrites, and saturated by an interstitial fluid rich in ions

A

canaliculi

161
Q

matrix is web like rather than solid with number of space in between

A

spongy bone tissue

162
Q

compact bone is also known as __

A

cortical bone

163
Q

spongy bone is also known as __

A

trabeculae

164
Q

spongy bones lack ___ and ___

A
  • Haversian canal system
  • Volkmann’s canal
165
Q

Two types of fluid connective tissues

A
  1. blood
  2. lymph
166
Q

blood makes up about __ of total body weight

A

8%

167
Q

percentage by volume of blood

A
  • plasma (55%)
  • buffy coat
  • formed elements (45%)
168
Q

plasma percentage by weight

A
  • water (91%)
  • proteins (7%)
  • other solutes (2%)
169
Q

life span of RBC

A

120 days

170
Q

other term for RBS

A

erythrocytes

171
Q

life span of WBC

A

20 days

172
Q

other term for WBC

A

leukocytes

173
Q

ratio of RBC to WBC

A

600:1

174
Q

life span of platelets

A

7 days

175
Q

buffy coat

A
  • platelets (250-400 thousand)
  • white blood cells (5-10 thousand)
176
Q

formed elements

A

red blood cells (4.2-6.2 million)

177
Q

elements of blood

A
  • plasma (about 55%)
  • platelets
  • red blood cells (about 41%)
  • white blood cells (about 4%)
178
Q
  • bilobed
  • produce histamine
A

eosinophil

179
Q
  • multilobed
  • phagocytic
A

neutrophil

180
Q
  • multilobed
  • inflammation response
A

basophil

181
Q

when plasma goes into surrounding tissue it is called __

A

interstitial fluid

182
Q

When interstitial fluid goes into lymphatic vessels it is called __

A

lymph

183
Q

tissue inflammation

A

edema

184
Q

collects interstitial fluid

A

lymphatic vessels

185
Q

difference between lymph and blood in terms of color and RBC

A
  • lymph is colorless and does not contain RBC
  • blood is red-colored and contains RBC
186
Q

difference between lymph and blood in terms of function

A
  • lymph helps in body defense
  • blood is associated with circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
187
Q

difference between lymph and blood in terms of plasma

A
  • lymph’s plasma lacks proteins
  • blood’s plasma has proteins, calcium, and phosphorus
188
Q

difference between lymph and blood in terms of what it transports

A
  • lymph transports nutrients from the tissue cells to the blood through lymphatic vessels
  • blood transports nutrients and oxygen from one organ to another
189
Q

difference between lymph and blood in terms of flow speed

A
  • lymph flow is slow
  • blood flow is fast
190
Q

where the lymphatic vessels return the lymph to the blood

A

subclavian vein

191
Q

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

A

peristalsis

192
Q

Three (3) basic groups of neurons depending on their function

A
  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. Motor Neurons
  3. Relay Neurons
193
Q

long dendrites and short axons

A

Sensory Neurons

194
Q

short dendrites and long axons

A

Motor Neurons

195
Q

Short dendrites and short or long axons

A

Relay Neurons

196
Q

Naturally occurring form of calcium phosphate

A

Hydroxyapatite

197
Q

Functions of adipose connective tissue

A
  • stores energy
  • shock absorber
  • insulation

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

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