Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZZZ - General Zoology > Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

second great integrative system that controls an animal’s activities and communicates through chemical messengers known as hormones.

A

Endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine system is composed of various organs called what

A

glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • chemical substances that are released into the blood in small amounts
  • carried throughout the body by the circulatory system to distant target cells where they initiate physiological responses
A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • small, well-vascularized ductless glands composed of groups of cells arranged in cords or plates
  • organ that produces hormones that are released into the bloodstream and travel to tissues and organs throughout the body
A

endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

have ducts for discharging their secretion onto a free surface

A

exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ex. of exocrine glands

A
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
  • salivary glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Determines if the hormones cause widespread or extremely specialized reactions and at specified times

A

receptor molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two kinds of receptors

A
  1. membrane-bound receptors
  2. nuclear receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • specialized protein molecules attached to or integrated into the cell membrane
  • through interaction with specific ligands, they facilitate communication between the cell and the extracellular environment
A

Membrane receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the second-messenger systems known to participate in hormone actions

A
  1. cyclic AMP
  2. cyclic GMP
  3. calmodulin
  4. inositol trisphosphate
  5. diacylglycerol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

family of ligand-regulated transcription factors that are activated by steroid hormones, and various other lipid-soluble signals

A

Nuclear receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • recognize short stretches of double-helical DNA of defined sequence
  • determine which of the thousands of genes in a cell will be transcribed
A

Gene regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulate color changes, growth, reproduction, and internal homeostatic mechanisms, such as metabolism, metabolic fuel levels, and osmoregulation

A

invertebrate hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ex. of hormones in invertebrates

A
  1. peptides (often neuropeptides)
  2. steroids
  3. terpenoids (lipid-soluble organic molecules)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • principal source of hormones in many metazoan phyla
  • resemble non-neural endocrine cells in their actions
  • release hormones into the circulation and regulate a number of physiological responses
A

Neurosecretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • products of neurosecretory cells and these are discharged directly into the circulation
  • serve as a crucial link between the nervous and endocrine systems
A

Neurosecretory hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

increases heart rate in Crustacea

A

Cardioactive peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hormones that regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids in Crustacea

A

Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hormones that regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids in insects

A

Adipokinetic Hormone family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stimulate the secretion of fluid in insect Malpighian tubules

A

Diuretic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • known to regulate muscular tissues of the body, and digestive and reproductive processes in many invertebrates, as well as osmoregulatory processes in nematodes, annelids, molluscs, and insects, and arterial hemolymph flow in crustaceans
  • family of small neuropeptides
  • appears to have evolved as early as bilateral symmetry
A

FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

These are primary controlled by the interaction of two hormones. One favoring growth and differentiation of adult structures and another favoring retention of juvenile structures

A
  • molting
  • metamorphosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • steroid produced by the prothoracic gland
  • controlled by prothoracicotropic hormone or PTTH
  • polypeptide produced by neurosecretory cells of the brain, and transported by axons to the corpora cardiacum where it is stored.
A
  • molting hormone or
  • ecdysone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Molting hormone is also called as

A

ecdysone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Molting hormone or ecdysone is produced by what gland

A

prothoracic gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Molting hormone is controlled by what

A

prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • terpenoid produced by the corpora allata
  • appears to be important, at least in some insects, during diapause (or arrested development), which can occur at any stage of metamorphosis
A

juvenile hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Juvenile hormones are produced by what

A

corpora allata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

usually occurs due to seasonal changes in environmental conditions, such as cold temperatures or changes in day length

A

Diapause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • small gland lying in a well-protected position between the roof of the mouth and floor of the brain
  • two-part gland having a double embryological origin
A

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pituitary gland is also called as

A

hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Two main sections of the pituitary gland

A
  1. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
  2. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Anterior pituitary is also called as

A

adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Posterior pituitary is also called as

A

neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • front lobe of your pituitary gland
  • produces and releases hormones
A

anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • does not produce hormones per se—this is done by nerve cells in the hypothalamus—but it does release them into the circulation
  • store and release the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
A

posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

contains groups of neurosecretory cells, which are specialized nerve cells that manufacture neurohormones called releasing hormones or release-inhibiting hormones (or “factors”)

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the neurohormones the hypothalamus manufacture

A

releasing hormones or release-inhibiting hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the hypothalamus manufacture

A

neurohormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body

A

releasing hormones or release-inhibiting hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Lobes of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Anterior lobe (pars distalis)
  2. Intermediate lobe (pars intermedia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce

A

seven (7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The seven (7) hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
  2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. Prolactin
  6. Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
  7. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is also called as

A

thyrotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

stimulates production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are commonly known as what

A

gonadotropins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

tropic hormones that act on
the gonads (ovaries of females, testes of males)

A

gonadotropins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

group of hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands so as to produce their particular hormones

A

Tropic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q
  • promotes egg production
    and secretion of estrogen (females)
  • supports sperm production (males)
A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q
  • induces ovulation, corpus luteum production, and secretion of female sex steroids, progesterone and estrogen (female)
  • promotes production of male sex steroids (primarily testosterone) (male)
A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Before it was discovered to be identical to LH in females, what was it once called in males?

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

increases production and secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q
  • essential for preparing mammary glands for lactation;
  • after birth it is required for production of milk
  • acts directly on its target tissues rather than through other hormones
A

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

formation of new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Growth hormone is also called as

A

somatotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q
  • performs a vital role in governing body growth through its stimulatory effect on cellular mitosis, on synthesis of messenger RNA and protein, and on metabolism, especially in new tissue of young vertebrates
  • acts directly on growth and metabolism, as well as indirectly through a polypeptide hormone produced by the liver
A

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is formerly called as

A

somatomedin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q
  • formerly called somatomedin
  • any of several peptide hormones that function primarily to stimulate growth but that also possess some ability to decrease blood glucose levels
A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q
  • only anterior pituitary hormone produced by the intermediate lobe (except in birds and mammals)
  • promotes dispersion of
    the pigment melanin within melanocytes
A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

source of two hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Two hormones the posterior pituitary store and release

A
  1. Oxytocin
  2. Vasopressin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q
  • two posterior-lobe hormones of mammals and are chemically very much alike
  • Both are polypeptides consisting of eight amino acids (octapeptides)
  • among the fastest-acting hormones, since they are capable of producing a response within seconds of their release from the posterior lobe
A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q
  • stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscles during parturition (birth of young)
  • stimulates milk ejection by the mammary glands in response to suckling
A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q
  • acts on collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption
  • restrict urine flow
A

Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Vasopressin is often called as

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

increases blood pressure through its generalized constrictor effect on smooth muscles of arterioles

A

Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

increase thirst and drinking behavior

A

Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q
  • has the widest phylogenetic distribution
  • considered the parent hormone from which other octapeptides evolved
A

Vasotocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q
  • occurs in all vertebrate except mammals
  • water-balance hormone in amphibians
A

Vasotocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Chemical nature of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Hypothalamic controls of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

TSH-releasing hormone (TRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Hypothalamic controls of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Hypothalamic controls of luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)1
  • Gonadotropin release-inhibiting hormone (GnIH)2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Chemical Nature of prolactin (PRL)

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Hypothalamic controls of prolactin (PRL)

A
  • dopamine (prolactin release-inhibiting hormone or PIH)
  • prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Chemical Nature of growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin)

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Hypothalamic controls of growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin)

A
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Chemical nature of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Hypothalamic controls of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Chemical nature of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Hypothalamic controls of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone-inhibiting hormone (MSHIH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Chemical nature of oxytocin, vasopressin, and vasotocin

A

octapeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q
  • produces hormone melatonin
  • in nonmammalian, is responsible for circadian rhythms
A

pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q
  • strongly affected by exposure to light
  • production is lowest during daylight and highest at night
A

Melatonin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q
  • self-generated (endogenous) rhythms that are about 24 hours in length
  • serves as biological clock for many physiological processes that follow a regular pattern
A

circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

saclike evagination which lies just beneath the skull in a midline position

A

pineal complex

87
Q

non-visual, photosensitive parapineal organ found in most lizards, frogs, the tuatara, and some species of fish

A

parietal eye

88
Q

primary circadian pacemaker in mammals found in an area of the hypothalamus

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

89
Q

regulates the seasonal rhythms in reproduction in birds and mammals

A

photoperiod

90
Q

plays a critical role in timing gonadal activity

91
Q

(animals) increasing melatonin secretion, reproductive activity suppressed during winter months

A
  • horses
  • ferrets
  • hamsters
  • deer mice
92
Q

(animals) increasing melatonin levels, increased reproductive activity

A
  • white-tailed deer
  • silver fox
  • spotted skunk
  • sheep
93
Q

modulate the activity of co-released neurotransmitters to either increase or decrease the strength of synaptic signaling

A

brain neuropeptides

94
Q

can function similar to peptide hormones and modulate nearly all bodily functions

A

periphery neuropeptides

95
Q

Examples of neuropeptides

A
  1. vasopressin
  2. gastrin and cholecystokinin
  3. endorphins and enkephalins
96
Q

has been observed to enhance learning and improve memory when injected to people and experimental animals in minute quantities

A

vasopressin

97
Q

structurally and functionally related peptide hormones that function as hormonal regulators of various digestive processes and feeding behaviors

A

Gastrin and cholecystokinin

98
Q
  • peptide hormone primarily responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach
  • present in G cells of the gastric antrum and duodenum
99
Q
  • When fats and proteins enter your small intestine, it triggers your gallbladder and pancreas to contract
  • function in control of feeding and satiety and may serve other functions as a brain neuroregulator
A

cholecystokinin

100
Q
  • neuropeptides that bind with opiate receptors and influence perception of pleasure and pain
A

endorphins and enkephalins

101
Q
  • hormones your body releases when it feels pain or stress
  • released during pleasurable activities such as exercise, massage, eating and sex too
  • help relieve pain, reduce stress and improve your sense of well-being
A

Endorphins

102
Q
  • naturally occurring peptide that has potent painkilling effects
  • released by neurons in the central nervous system and by cells in the adrenal medulla
A

Enkephalin

103
Q
  • group of lipids with hormone-like actions that your body makes primarily at sites of tissue damage or infection
A

Prostaglandins

104
Q

What causes dysmenorrhea during menstruation?

A

overproduction of uterine prostaglandins

105
Q

regulate vasodilation or vasoconstriction by their action on smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels in some tissues

A

prostaglandins

106
Q

known to stimulate contraction of uterine smooth muscle during childbirth

A

prostaglandins

107
Q

small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells

108
Q

Most important hormones of metabolism are those of the:

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Parathyroid
  3. Adrenal glands
  4. Pancreas
  5. Growth hormone of the anterior pituitary
  6. White adipose tissue
109
Q

large endocrine gland located in the neck of all vertebrates

A

thyroid gland

110
Q

structural and functional units of a thyroid gland

A

thyroid follicles

111
Q

hormones that the thyroid gland synthesize, store and release

A
  1. Triiodothyronine (T3)
  2. Thyroxine (T4)
  3. Calcitonin
112
Q

hormones play an important role in regulation of your weight, energy levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, metabolism

A
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • thyroxine (T4)
113
Q

thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it

A

Calcitonin

114
Q

Important function of the thyroid gland

A

promote adaptation to cold environments by increasing heat production

115
Q
  • stimulate cells to produce more heat and store less chemical energy (ATP)
  • reduce efficiency of cellular oxidative phosphorylation
A

thyroid hormones

116
Q

an element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormone

117
Q

What is combined with iodine to make the two thyroid hormones

A

amino acid tyrosine

118
Q

characterized by an excess of thyroxine in the bloodstream

A

Thyrotoxicosis

119
Q

Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by

A

hyperthyroidism

120
Q

overactivity of the thyroid gland

A

hyperthyroidism

121
Q

Role of thyroid hormones in birds and animals

A
  • control of oxygen consumption
  • heat production
122
Q

Oversecretion of thyroid hormones accelerates body processes by as much as __

123
Q

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

A
  • irritability
  • nervousness
  • fast heart rate
  • intolerance to warm environments
  • loss of body weight despite increased appetite
124
Q

Hypothyroidism symptoms

A
  • loss of mental alertness
  • slowing of heart rate
  • muscular weakness
  • increased sensitivity to cold
  • weight gain
125
Q

irregular growth of the thyroid gland

126
Q
  • these tiny glands occur as two pairs in humans but vary in number and position in other vertebrates
  • helps maintain the right balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning
A

parathyroid glands

127
Q

Decrease in calcium leads to serious increase in:

A
  • nervous-system excitability
  • severe muscular spasms
  • tetany
  • death
128
Q

What do parathyroid glands secrete that is essential to maintain calcium homeostasis

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

129
Q

synthesize organic fibers and glycoproteins of bone matrix which later become mineralized with a form of calcium phosphate called hydroxyapatite

A

osteoblasts

130
Q

giant cells that dissolve the bony matrix, releasing calcium and phosphate into the blood

A

osteoclasts

131
Q

increase stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone adjacent to these cells, thus releasing calcium and phosphate into the bloodstream and returning blood calcium level to normal

A

parathyroid hormone

132
Q

essential for active calcium absorption by the gut

A

1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3

133
Q
  • released in response to elevated levels of calcium in the blood
  • rapidly suppresses calcium withdrawal from bone, decreases intestinal absorption of calcium
  • increases excretion of calcium by the kidneys
A

calcitonin

134
Q

protects body against an increase in level of calcium in the blood

A

calcitonin

135
Q

protects body from a decrease in blood calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

136
Q

outer region and also the largest part of an adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

137
Q

class of steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which includes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

A

Corticosteroids

138
Q

Two classifications of corticosteroid hormones

A
  1. glucocorticoids
  2. mineralocorticoids
139
Q
  • concerned with food metabolism, inflammation, and stress
  • promote synthesis of glucose from compounds other than carbohydrates, particularly amino acids and fats
A

glucocorticoids

140
Q

Ex. of glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol
  • corticosterone
141
Q

increases blood glucose levels via the stimulation of gluconeogenesis and through antagonism of insulin

142
Q

refers to synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, provides glucose when dietary intake is insufficient or absent

A

Gluconeogenesis

143
Q

the second group of corticosteroids, are those that regulate salt balance

A

Mineralocorticoids

144
Q
  • promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium and tubular secretion of potassium by the kidneys
  • the most important steroid of this group
A

Aldosterone

145
Q

also produces androgens

A

Adrenocortical tissue

146
Q

promote some developmental changes, such as the growth spurt, that occur just before puberty in human males and females

A

Adrenal androgens

147
Q
  • inner part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney)
  • makes chemicals such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which are involved in sending nerve signals
A

adrenal medulla

148
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A
  • epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
149
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

150
Q

norepinephrine

A

noradrenaline

151
Q
  • help you prepare for stressful or dangerous situations
  • gets your body ready for a “fight or flight” response
  • has slightly more of an effect on your heart
A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

152
Q

quick release of adrenaline into your bloodstream

A

Adrenaline rush

153
Q
  • increases heart rate and blood pumping from the heart
  • increases blood pressure and helps break down fat and increase blood sugar levels to provide more energy to the body
  • has more of an effect on your blood vessels
A

norepinephrine

154
Q

have effects that center on responses to emergencies, such as fear and strong emotional states, flight from danger, fighting, lack of oxygen, blood loss, and exposure to pain

A

adrenal medullary hormones

155
Q

Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • constriction of arterioles
  • mobilization of liver glycogen and fat stores to release glucose and fatty acids for energy
  • increase oxygen consumption & heat production
  • hastening of blood coagulation
  • inhibition of gastrointestinal tract
156
Q

both an exocrine and an endocrine organ

157
Q

produces pancreatic juice, a mixture of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions conveyed by a duct (or ducts) to the digestive tract

A

pancreas (exocrine)

158
Q
  • groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon
  • numerous small islets of tissue scattered within the extensive exocrine portion of the pancreas
A

Islets of Langerhans

159
Q

Three polypeptide hormones that are secreted by different cell types within the islets

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Pancreatic polypeptide
160
Q

Endocrine cells

A
  • alpha cell
  • beta cell
161
Q

produce and transport chemicals that will exit the body through the digestive system

A

exocrine cells (acinar cells)

162
Q

Insulin is produced by what cells

A

beta cells

163
Q

Glucagon is produced by what cells

A

alpha cells

164
Q
  • essential for uptake of blood-borne glucose by cells, especially skeletal muscle cells
  • promotes entry of glucose into body cells through its action on a glucose transporter molecule found in cell membranes
  • important in central regulation of food intake and body weight
165
Q

condition in which level of glucose in the blood rises to abnormally high levels without insulin

A

hyperglycemia

166
Q

condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range

A

hypoglycemia

167
Q
  • disease of insulin deficiency
  • If left untreated, it can lead to severe damage to kidneys, eyes, and blood vessels, and it can greatly shorten life expectancy
A

diabetes mellitus type 1

168
Q
  • disease of insulin insensitivity
  • This disease is occurring at an increasing rate as more individuals become overweight and obese
A

diabetes mellitus type 2

169
Q

raises the blood-glucose level (by converting liver glycogen to glucose)

170
Q

lowers blood glucose

171
Q
  • newest pancreatic hormone
  • released after a meal and reduces appetite
A

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

172
Q
  • acts directly on long bones to promote cartilaginous growth and bone formation
  • acts indirectly on growth via stimulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
  • important metabolic hormone in young animals during growth and development
A

Growth hormone (GH)

173
Q

promotes mobilization of glycogen from liver stores and release of fat from adipose tissue stores necessary for growth processes

A
  • insulin-like growth factor (IGF) or
  • somatomedin
174
Q

Growth hormone is considered to be a __ hormone

A

diabetogenic

175
Q

excess production of growth hormone

176
Q

growth hormone deficiency

177
Q
  • regulates eating behavior and long-term energy balance as part of a feedback system that informs the brain, particularly the hypothalamus and brain stem, of the energy status of the periphery
  • become immensely significant in the study of satiety signals and energy expenditure, since these studies relate to the overall problem of human obesity
178
Q

tends to lower blood glucose levels by increasing the effects of insulin on liver and skeletal muscle

A

Adiponectin

179
Q
  • inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation
  • responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis
  • important for resistance to infection and cancers
  • high levels are associated with obesity-related insulin insensitivity
A

Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha)

180
Q

Four (4) major digestive hormones

A
  1. Gastrin
  2. Secretin
  3. Cholecystokinin
  4. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
181
Q
  • Promotes the secretion of gastric juice (HCl, mucus, pepsinogen)
  • Increases gastric motility
  • Pyloric sphincter relaxation
182
Q

stimuli of gastrin

A
  • stomach expansion
  • protein & caffeine in stomach
  • alkaline chyme in stomach
183
Q

secretion site of gastrin

A

Enteroendocrine cells of stomach mucosa

184
Q

Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretions into the duodenum via the sphincter of Oddi

185
Q

What are the pancreatic secretions that secretin stimulates

A

bicarbonate-rich, neutralize acidic chyme

186
Q

stimuli of secretin

A

acidic chyme in duodenum

187
Q

secretion site of secretin

A

enteroendocrine cells of duodenum

188
Q
  • Increases bile secretion from the gallbladder.
  • Promotes pancreatic enzyme secretion
  • Promotes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.
A

cholecystokinin (CKK)

189
Q

stimulus of cholecystokinin

A
  • triglycerides
  • fatty acids
  • amino acids (part of chyme)

in duodenum

190
Q

secretion site of cholecystokinin

A

enteroendocrine cells of duodenum

191
Q
  • Promotes pancreatic insulin secretion
  • Prevents stomach acid secretion
A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

192
Q

stimulus of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

A
  • glucose
  • fatty acids & amino acids; all present in chyme

in duodenum

193
Q

secretion site of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

A

enteroendocrine cells of duodenum

194
Q

What glands regulate the reproductive system

A
  • pituitary gland
  • adrenal cortex
  • gonads
195
Q

Hormone that is released during puberty of males and females

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

196
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the production and release of what hormones?

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
197
Q

stimulates gamete production in both males and females

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

198
Q

stimulates gonad hormone production

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

199
Q
  • protein secreted by the Sertoli cells in men and by the granulosa cells in women
  • inhibits the synthesis and release of the follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothalamic LH - releasing hormone content
200
Q

most well knwon androgen in males

A

testosterone

201
Q

In men,
regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and production of red blood cells and sperm

A

testosterone

202
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the production of what hormones in the ovaries

A
  • estradiol
  • progesterone
203
Q
  • steroid hormones that assist the body in preparing for pregnancy
  • regulate menstrual cycle
A

estradiol & progesterone

204
Q

responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics or bodily features that appear during puberty

205
Q

stimulates production of milk by the mammary glands following childbirth

206
Q

prolactin are regulated by what hypothalamic hormones

A
  1. prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  2. prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
207
Q

stimulates release of prolactin

A

prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

208
Q

inhibits release of prolactin

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

209
Q
  • reflex that makes breastmilk flow
  • When the baby sucks at the breast, tiny nerves are stimulated. This causes two hormones – prolactin and oxytocin – to be released into your bloodstream. Prolactin helps make the milk, while oxytocin causes the breast to push out the milk
A

let-down reflex

210
Q

Two factors where the concentration of hormone in body fluid depends

A
  1. rate of secretion
  2. rate at which it is inactivated and removed from circulation
211
Q
  • operate between glands secreting hormones and outputs or products of target cells
  • highly effective in preventing extreme oscillation in hormonal output
A

negative feedback

212
Q
  • the signal (or output of the system) feeds back to the control system and causes an increase in the initial signal
  • initial signal becomes progressively amplified to produce an explosive event
  • highly regulated and possess an obvious shutoff mechanism
A

positive feedback

213
Q

growth of tissue cells

A

Proliferation

214
Q

produces the hormone progesterone that makes your uterus a healthy environment for a developing fetus

A

corpus luteum

ZZZ - General Zoology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions