Repro

Question 1

what are examples of mesodermal defects?

Answer 1

VACTERL
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheo-Esophageal fistula
Renal defects
Limb defects (bone and muscles)

Question 2

genes involved in ant-post axis patterning?

Answer 2

sonic hedgehog (holoprosenphaly)

Question 3

produced at apical ectodermal ridge, necessary for dorsal-ventral axis patterning?

Answer 3

Wnt 7

Question 4

which gene stimulates mitosis and provides “lengthening of limbs?”

Answer 4

FGF

Question 5

gene involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction

Answer 5

homeobox (Hox)

Question 6

what can homeobox (hox) gene mutation lead to?

Answer 6

appendages in wrong locations

Question 7

when does a fetus has cardiac activity visible by transvaginal ultrasound?

Answer 7

week 6

Question 8

when does a fetus have genitalia male/female characteristics?

Answer 8

week 10

Question 9

where does the gastrulation start?

Answer 9

with the epiblast invaginating to form the primitive streak

Question 10

what is the benign Rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcification?

Answer 10

Craniopharyngioma

Question 11

what gene is associated with both ovary and breast cancer?

Answer 11

BRCA1

Question 12

the most common benign ovarian neoplasm?

Answer 12

serous cystadenoma (often bilateral)

Question 13

what is the benign tumor that has multiloculated, large, and lined by mucus-secreting epithelium?

Answer 13

mucinous cystadenoma

Question 14

what is the benign tumr that has endometriosis (ectopic endometrial tissue) within ovary with cyst formation?

Answer 14

endometrioma

Question 15

what are the symptoms of endometrioma?

Answer 15

pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia (pain during sex), varying symptoms with menstrual cycle

Question 16

what is another name for dermoid cyst?

Answer 16

mature cystic teratoma

Question 17

what is a benign tumor associated with functional thyroid tissue and hyperthyroidism (struma ovarii)?

Answer 17

mature cystic teratoma = dermoid cyst

Question 18

tumor associated with solid tumor with pale yellow tan that is encapsulated with Coffee bean nuclei

Answer 18

Brenner tumor

Question 19

benign tumor associated with spindle shaped fibroblast?

Answer 19

fibromas

Question 20

what cell produces mullerian inhibitory factor?

Answer 20

sertoli cell

Question 21

what cell produces testosterone?

Answer 21

leydig cell

Question 22

what is the role of DHT (dihydrotestosterone)?

Answer 22

converts genital tubercle, urogenital sinus into male external genitalia, prostate

Question 23

how would you diff 5 alpha reductase def and androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Answer 23

high testosterone in androgen insensitivity whereas normal testosterone in 5 alpha reductase def.

Question 24

which disorder is associated with scant sexual hair and lack of uterus and fallopian tube?

Answer 24

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 25

another name for paramesonephric duct?

Answer 25

mullerian duct

Question 26

another name for wolffian duct

Answer 26

mesonephric duct

Question 27

what is the origin of paramesonephric duct?

Answer 27

lower portion from urogenital sinus

Question 28

what will lack of sertoli cell or lack of MIF lead to?

Answer 28

1. develop both male and female internal organs

2. develop male external genitalia