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Step 1 Crush 250! - Hans > path page 229 - 233 > Flashcards

path page 229 - 233 Flashcards

1
Q

what tissue mediator is associated with induction of vascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell migration?

A

PDGF

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2
Q

what tissue mediator stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis?

A

PDGF

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3
Q

what stimulates angiogenesis? (Name 2.)

A

FGF, VEFG

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4
Q

enzyme responsible for tissue remodeling?

A

metalloproteinases

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5
Q

name 3 roles of TGF-B

A
  1. angiogenesis
  2. fibrosis
  3. cell cycle arrest
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6
Q

what stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinase?

A

EGF

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7
Q

EGF binds to EGFR which is expressed by what gene?

A

ERBB2

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8
Q

name 2 mediators that stimulate angiogenesis?

A

FGF, TGF-B

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9
Q

name 3 phases of wound healing process?

A
  1. inflammatory (up to 3 days after wound)
  2. proliferative (day3 - weeks)
  3. remodeling (1week - 6 months after wound)
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10
Q

what wound healing process is associated with deposition of granulation tissue and collagen, agniogeneiss and epithelial cell proliferation?

A

proliferative (3days - weeks)

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11
Q

during what period does type 3 collagen is replaced by type 1?

A

remodeling (1 week - 6+ months)

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12
Q

what is the advantage of having type 1 collagen instead of type 3?

A

higher tensile strength of tissue

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13
Q

metalloproteinase works during what phase of wound healing process?

A

remodeling (1 week - 6 month)

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14
Q

what wound phase healing is associated with dissolution of clot and wound contraction?

A

proliferative (day3 - 1 week)

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15
Q

which cell mediates wound contraction?

A

myofibroblast

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16
Q

at what point does macrophage clear debris?

A

2 days after the wound

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17
Q

what are the 3 main mediators during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

A

platelets, neutrophils, macrophages

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18
Q

why is it important to test for latent TB before you give anti-TNF therapy?

A

anti-TNF drugs can cause sequestering granulomas to break down, leading to disseminated dz

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19
Q

what causes inc ESR?

A

production of inflammation such as fibrinogen coats RBCs and cause aggregation making RBC aggregates faster during inflammation

20
Q

Name 5 conditions that give you dec ESR

A
  1. sickle cell anemia
  2. polycythemia
  3. HF
  4. Microcytosis
  5. Hypofibrinogenemia
21
Q

why does polycythemia lead to dec ESR?

A

b/c inc RBC number leads to diluted aggregation factors such as fibrinogen

22
Q

what 6 conditions give you inc ESR?

A
  1. most anemias
  2. infections
  3. inflammation
  4. cancer
  5. pregnancy
  6. autoimmune dz
23
Q

why is it that you get dec ESR in sickle cell anemia?

A

b/c of the altered shape

24
Q

in what type of irreversible condition would you see giant cells with single large nucleus or several nuclei?

A

anaplasia

25
Q

define desmoplasia

A

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

26
Q

what is an example of desmoplasia?

A

linitis plastica in diffuse stomach cancer

27
Q

what GI path is associated with “linitis plastica?”

A

stomach cancer (diffuse)

28
Q

define anaplasia

A

loss of structural differentiation and function of cells resembling primitive cells of same tissue

29
Q

what is P-glycoprotein also known as?

A

multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)

30
Q

what cancers are associated with multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)?

A

adrenal cell carcinoma, colon/liver cancer cells

31
Q

what change is associated with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size?

A

dysplasia

32
Q

cell cell contact is lost by

A

inactivation of E cadherin

33
Q

in “seed and soil” theory of metastasis, provide example of seed and soil

A 
seed = tumor embolus
soil = target organ is often the first encountered capillary bed (liver, lungs, bone, brain etc)
34
Q

what type of amyloidosis is associated with fibrils composed of beta2-microglobulin in pts with ESRD who is on long term dialysis

A

dialysis related

35
Q

what symptom may present with dialysis related amyloidosis?

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

36
Q

what is the example of heritable amyloidosis?

A

familial amyloid polyneuropathies

37
Q

what is the defect in familial amyloid polyneuropathies?

A

due to transthyretin gene mutation

38
Q

name all the pathologies associated with primary (AL) amyloidosis

A
  1. plasma cell disorder (multiple myeloma)
  2. nephrotic syndrome
  3. restrictive cardiomyopathy
39
Q

name all the symptoms that can be present with primary (AL) amyloidosis?

A
  1. cardiac (arrhythmia)
  2. hematologic (easy bruising, splenomegaly)
  3. GI (hepatomegaly)
  4. neurologic (neuropathy)
40
Q

what type of amyloidosis is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions?

A

AA secondary

41
Q

in secondary amyloidosis what is the fibril made of?

A

serum amyloid A (SAA) which becomes AA

42
Q

what happens in age related (senile) systemic amyloidosis?

A

deposition of normal (wild type) transthyretin in myocardium and other sites

43
Q

name examples of organ specific amyloidosis?

A

Alzheimer dz, DM2

44
Q

explain the formation of deposit in Alzheimer

A

deposition of beta amyloid protein cleaved from amyloid precursor protein

45
Q

what deposit is seen in DM2?

A

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)

46
Q

in DM2, islet amyloid polypeptide is cause by deposition of

A

amylin in pancreatic islets

47
Q

what is Lipofuscin formed by?

A

oxidation and polymerization of autophagocytosed organellar membranes

Step 1 Crush 250! - Hans (41 decks)

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