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Step 1 Crush 250! - Hans > endo p 317 - 321 > Flashcards

endo p 317 - 321 Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for growth hormone?

A

somatotropin

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2
Q

what are the 3 functions of growth hormone?

A
  1. stimulates linear growth
  2. stimulates muscle mass
  3. inc insulin resistance (diabetogenic)
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3
Q

growth hormone stimulates muscle mass through

A

IGF-1 (somatomedin C)

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4
Q

2 functions of ghrelin?

A
  1. stimulates hunger (orexigenic effet)

2. release GH via GH secretagog receptor

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5
Q

ghrelin is produced by

A

stomach

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6
Q

ghrelin is inc with what 2 conditions?

A
  1. inc with sleep loss

2. prader-willi syndrome

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7
Q

leptin is

A

satiety hormone

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8
Q

leptin is made by

A

adipose tissue

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9
Q

mutation is what gene causes congenital obesity?

A

mutation of leptin gene

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10
Q

what condition leads to dec leptin production?

A

sleep deprivation

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11
Q

what stimulates cortical reward centers and inc desire for high fat foods?

A

endocannabinoids

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12
Q

what receptor regulates serum osmolarity and blood pressure?

A

V1 - receptors –> regulate bp

V2 –> regulate osmolarity

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13
Q

antidiuretic hormone is synthesized in

A

supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus

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14
Q

name hormones/signaling pathways associated with intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF, MAP kinase pathway, (think growth factors)

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15
Q

calcitonin opposes the action of

A

PTH

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16
Q

calcitonin blocks what type of bone cell?

A

osteoclast

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17
Q

zona fasciculata produces

A

glucocorticoids

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18
Q

zona reticularis produces

A

androgens

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19
Q

zona glomerulosa produces

A

mineralocorticoid

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20
Q

ACTH stimulates what enzyme?

A

cholesterol desmolase

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21
Q

cholesterol desmolase is inhibited by

A

ketoconazole

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22
Q

cholesterol desmolase converts cholesterol to

A

pregnenolone

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23
Q

what are the 2 roles of 17 alpha hydroxylase?

A
  1. converts pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone

2. converts pregesterone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone

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24
Q

2 drugs that block aromatase

A

anastrozole, exemestane

25
Q

what blocks 5 alpha reductase?

A

finasteride

26
Q

symptoms of 17 alpha hydroxylase def in XY/XX

A

XY: ambiguous genitalia, undescended testes
XX: lacks secondary sexual development

27
Q

what blocks the conversion of cortisol to cortisone?

A

glycyrrhetic acid

28
Q

what stimulates aldosterone synthase?

A

angiotensin II

29
Q

what enzyme def is associated with dec renin?

A

11 beta hydroxylase

30
Q

what enzyme def is associated with inc renin and inc 17 hydroxy progesterone?

A

21-hydroxylase

31
Q

2 reasons that cortisol inc blood pressure

A
  1. upregulates alpha 1 receptors on arterioles –> inc sensitivity to norepinephrine and epinephrine
  2. at high conc., can bind to aldosterone receptor
32
Q

what property of cortisol lead to purple striae?

A

dec fibroblast activity

33
Q

cortisol dec bone formation by dec activity of what cell?

A

osteoblast

34
Q

what is the level of renin and aldosterone in 17 alpha hydroxylase def?

A

low renin, low aldo

35
Q

what is the potassium level high or low in 17 alpha hydroxylase def?

36
Q

what explains the low serum K+ in 17 alpha hydroxylase def?

A

11-deoxycorticosterone acts similar to aldoesterone leading to hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis

37
Q

what congenital adrenal enzyme def mimics addison dz?

A

21 hydroxylase def (b/c of high ACTH and low cortisol, hyperkalemia)

38
Q

what congenital adrenal enzyme def mimics conn’s syndrome?

A

both 17 alpha hydroxylase def and 11 beta hydroxylase def (b/c of low renin activity, hypokalemia due to high 11 DOC)

39
Q

how is cortisol regulated?

A

CRH from hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release from pituitary that stimulates cortisol production in adrenal zona fasciculata

40
Q

describe the effect of excess cortisol on CRH, ACTH?

A

dec CRH, dec ACTH

41
Q

what acid/alkalosis disturbance can lead to hypocalcemia?

A

alkalosis (inc pH) –> inc affinity of albumin to bind Ca2+, leading to hypocalcemia

42
Q

symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

cramps, pain, paresthesias, carpopedal spasm

43
Q

what are the effects of inc sex hormone binding globulin in men and women?

A

in men, inc SHBG leads to low free testosterone –> gynecomastia

in women, dec SHBG leads to inc free testosterone –> hirsutism

44
Q

what 2 conditions lead to inc SHBG in women?

A

OCPs, pregnancy (b/c estrogen inc SHBG synthesis)

45
Q

name the 4 functions of parathyroid hormone

A
  1. inc bone resorption of Ca2+ and PO43-
  2. inc kidney reabsorption of Ca2+ in distal convoluted tubule
  3. dec reabsorption of PO43- in proximal convoluted tubule
  4. inc 1, 25 (OH)2D3 (calcitriol) production by stimulating kidney 1 alpha hydroxylase in proximal convoluted tubule
46
Q

explain how PTH leads to the activation of osteoclast which leads to inc serum Ca2+

A

inc production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANK-L (receptor activator of NF-KB ligand)

47
Q

RANK-L (ligand) is secreted by

A

osteoblast

48
Q

RANK (receptor) is on what cell?

A

osteoclast

49
Q

how does RANK-L and RANK interact to stimulate Ca2+ release?

A

RANK-L (ligand) secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes binds RANK (receptor) on osteoclasts and their precursors to stimulate osteoclasts and inc Ca2+

50
Q

will low serum Mg2+ stimulate or inhibit PTH secretion?

what about very low serum Mg2+?

A

stimulate PTH (however, very low serum Mg2+ dec PTH)

51
Q

name 4 common causes of low serum Mg2+, thus can cause hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. aminoglycoside
  3. diuretics
  4. alcohol
52
Q

name all the hormones that use cAMP

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH (V2 receptor)
MSH
PTH
calcitonin
GHRH
glucagon
53
Q

name all the hormones that use cGMP

A

ANP, BNP, NO

54
Q

name all the hormones that use IP3

A

GOAT HAG

GnRH
Oxytocin
ADH
TRH
Histamine
Angiotensin II
Gastrin
55
Q

name all the hormones that use receptor-associated tyrosine kinase

A

PIGGLET

Prolactin
Immunomodulators (cytokines, IL-2, IL-6, IFN)
GH
G-CSF
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
56
Q

2 functions of vit D?

A
  1. inc absorption of dietary Ca2+ and PO43-

2. inc bone resorption –> inc Ca2+ and PO43- absorption

57
Q

what form of vit D is from sun exposure?

58
Q

what form of vit D is from ingested from plants?

Step 1 Crush 250! - Hans (41 decks)

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