Repro 1 Flashcards
What is the most common cause of spontaneous bloody nipple discharge?
Intraductal papilloma is a benign condition not typically assctd w/ breast masses or skin changes. It’s caused by proliferation of papillary cells w/in a duct (papillary projections), connected to the duct wall by a fibrovascular core. The bloody discharge is from torsion of the vascular stalk, leading to infarction and hemorrhage.
What happens when metronidazole is taken with alcohol?
Metronidazole, like disulfiram, inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and so may present w/ disulfiram-like effects.
What non-culture test may be used to diagnose a cervicitis infection w/ N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis?
Nucleic acid amplification test (ex. PCR, RT-PCR).
What are common pathogens that may cause Septic abortion?
S. aureus may be seeded w/in the uterine cavity during the instrumentation (Dilation and curettage).
E. coli is another common pathogen.
How would a patient w/ Prolactinoma present?
> Galactorrhea due to prolactin stimulating mammary glands.
Amenorrhea due to prolactin inhibiting GnRH secretion.
Loss of libido, infertility.
Bitemporal hemianopsia if the tumor is large enough to compress the optic chiasm.
Infertility in a male w/ Cystic fibrosis is most likely due to what pathological event?
There is congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. CFTR mutations may be responsible for abnormal development of the Wolffian structures, resulting in vasal agenesis and defective sperm transport.
How do Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary look histologically? Grossly?
Granulosa cells form rosette-like structures (Call Exner bodies) that have a glandular appearance w/ an eosinophilic center and coffee bean nuclei. Grossly, these tumors appear yellow due to the lipid content in theca cells. They’re generally unilateral and large, and they secrete estrogen that can cause endometrial hyperplasia.
How does Ductal CIS look histologically?
The ducts are distended by pleomorphic cells w/ prominent central necrosis, that don’t penetrate the basement membrane. On mammography, DCIS shows microcalcifications.
How do you divide between high-grade CIN and low-grade CIN?
> High-grade: atypical cells invade beyond the lower 1/3 of cervical epithelium (upper 2/3).
Low-grade: cells haven’t invaded past lower 1/3 cervical epithelium. Most cases regress spontaneously.
A male patient had a prostatectomy and now has trouble getting an erection. What happened?
The prostatic plexus, w/c originates from the hypogastric nerve, lies w/in the fascia of the prostate and innervates the corpus cavernosa, w/c facilitates penile erection. Prostatectomy can cause erectile dysfunction.
