Mixed 9 Flashcards
What effects on the eye do 1st gen antihistamines have?
1st gen antihistamines are anti-alpha adrenergic as well as antimuscarinic. Since the ciliary muscles of the eye are under parasympathetic control (M3), 1st gen antihistamines can prevent accomodation and miosis, causing blurry vision and mydriasis.
How do thiazide diuretics affect blood glucose and cholesterol levels?
> Hyperglycemia – dec. insulin secretion.
Hypercholesterolemia – inc. LDL, inc. TG due to altered lipid metab from inc. peripheral insulin resistance.
*Also hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia.
How do nitrates affect preload, EDV, EDP, SVR, afterload?
> Venodilator: dec. preload, dec. EDV, dec. EDP.
>Mild arteriolar dilator: dec. SVR, dec. afterload.
What arterial supply protects the intestines from ischemia?
The SMA and IMA are connected by their principal anastomosis: the Marginal artery (of Drummond). As such, sometimes the IMA isn’t reconnected during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
At what point is it recommended to attempt myocardial reperfusion in patients w/ acute MI?
Myocardial reperfusion is recommended for patients who present w/in 12 hrs of symptom onset. PCI is preferred due to a higher risk of intracerebral hemorrhage associated w/ Fibrinolytic therapy.
How would CKD contribute to the development of renal osteodystrophy?
CKD can lead to dec. active Vit D and PO4 retention. Both would contribute to hypocalcemia by dec. intestinal absorption of Ca. The hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia cause inc. PTH (secondary hyperparathyroidism), w/c may eventually lead to friable bones and osteitis fibrosa.
What pathogenesis of the vessel wall is associated w/ abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Transmural inflammation and ECM degradation w/in the aortic wall can cause weaking of the wall.
>Risk factors: tobacco use, inc. age, male sex, FHx – atherosclerosis.
How does Left heart disease contribute to eventual pulmonary HTN?
Pulmo venous congestion can cause damage to pulmo vasculature. The dysfunctional epithelium leads to dec. NO and inc. endothelin (vasoconstrictor). Remodelling of the pulmo vasculature occurs w/ smooth muscle proliferation and intimal fibrosis.
