Pharma 2

Question 1

Which antibiotics may be used for anaerobic bacteria?

Answer 1

> Piperacillin-Tazobactam
Metronidazole
Carbapenems
Clindamycin

Question 2

Which receptors does NE stimulate?

Answer 2

> alpha1: vasoconstriction via IP3-pathway – inc. BP, dec. renal and hepatic blood flow.
B1: inc. cAMP in heart cells via Gs-receptor coupling – inc. contractility, inc. HR.

Question 3

What is the formula for maintenance dose?

Answer 3

[Cpss (stead-state plasma conc) x CL] / biovailability

Question 4

What is the formula for loading dose?

Answer 4

[Vd x Cpss (stead-state plasma conc)] / bioavailability

Question 5

Which receptors does Isoproterenol stimulate?

Answer 5

Nonselective beta-agonist.
>B1: inc. cardiac contracility, HR.
>B2: vascular smooth muscles – vasodilation, dec. vascular resistance (dec. BP)

Question 6

What can be used as an indicator for the Potency of inhaled anesthetics?

Answer 6

Potency is determined by the minimum concentration in the brain necessary to achieve adequate anesthesia. It can be measured by the partial pressure of the anesthetic in the brain when it equals the partial pressure of the anesthetic in other compartments (lungs). Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) is INVERSELY proportional to potency.

Question 7

What are the ssx of Digoxin toxicity?

Answer 7

>cardiac arrhythmias (bradycardia, ventricular premature beats) due to inc. vagal tone to the heart.
>nonspecific GI ssx.
>Neuro (confusion, weakness).
>visual disturbances.
>Inc. K due to inhibited Na/K pump.

Question 8

Why do long-acting sulfonylureas (glyburide, glimepiride) have high incidence of hypoglycemia?

Answer 8

Sulfonylureas bind to their receptor on pancreatic B-cells to inhibit ATP-dependent K channel. This alters the cells resting potential and allows Ca influx, leading to insulin release independent of blood glucose concentration. If the drug is long-acting, there may be persistent hypoglycemia, esp. in elderly.

Question 9

Corticosteroid adverse effects

Answer 9

> Psychosis (RF: hypoalbuminemia).

>Inc. neutrophil counts (neutrophilia) due to “demargination”.