Renal System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Anuria

A

Urine output of <100mL per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Arteriovenous fistula definition

A

Surgical creation of an anastomosis of a fistula between an artery and vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Azotemia

A

Retention of nitrogenous wast products in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Disequilibrium syndrome

A

Rapid change in the composition of ECF that occurs during dialysis. Solutes are removed from the blood faster than from the CSF pulling fluid into the brain causing cerebral edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Formation of kidney stones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oliguria

A

<400mL of urine output per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Formation of urinary stones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition of Serum Creatinine

A

An end product of protein and muscle metabolism which reflects GFR and is an indicator of kidney disease when elevated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normal serum creatinine level

A

0.6-1.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen Level

A

8-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal serum uric acid

A

2.5-8.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition of Blood Urea Nitrogen

A

Indicates renal clearance of nitrogenous waste products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Factors which affect BUN

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Poor renal perfusion
  3. High protein diet
  4. Stress
  5. Infection
  6. GI bleeding
  7. Muscle breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Specific gravity of urine - lab value

A

1.016-1.022

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Specific gravity of urine - what it tells you

A

Measures the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. Increase indicates dehydration, decreased renal perfusion or increased ADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Creatinine clearance test

A

Evaluates how well the kidneys remove creatinine from the blood. Involves taking a blood sample and timed urine sample. Provides the best estimate of GFR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal GFR Rate

A

125 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acute Kidney Injury

A

Rapid loss of kidney function from renal cell damage. Can be pre-renal, intra-renal or post renal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phases of AKI

A
  1. Onset
  2. Oliguric phase (Increase in BUN and SC levels, decrease in SG, GFR and creatinine clearance)
  3. Diuretic phase (gradual decrease in BUN and SC, low CC and slight increase in GFR)
  4. Recovery phase (increase GFR and stabilization of BUN and SC).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CKI - at risk

A

GFR >90 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CKI - Mild

A

GFR 60-89 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CKI - Moderate

A

GFR 30-59 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CKI - Severe

A

GFR 15-29 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CKI - End Stage

A

GFR <15 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CKI - diet

A
  1. Low protein
  2. High carb
  3. Low K
  4. High Phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Common problems that accompany kidney disease

A
  1. Activity intolerance and insomnia
  2. Anemia
  3. GI bleeding
  4. Hyperkalemia
  5. Hypermagnesemia
27
Q

Uremic syndrome

A

Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood cause by the kidneys inability to filter out wast products.

28
Q

Symptoms of uremic syndrome

A
  1. Oliguria
  2. RBC and protein in urine
  3. Increase urea, uric acid, K and Mg in urine
  4. n and v
  5. diarrhea and constipation
    6 hyper and hypotension
29
Q

Subclavian and femoral catheter

A

Used for short term or temporary use in AKI hemodialysis. Used until the fistula or graft matures (6 weeks).

30
Q

External arteriovenous shunt

A

Two cannulas are surgically inserted one into the artery and one into the vein in the forearm or leg to form an external blood path. Patentcy is tested by palpating for a thrill or listening for a bruit.

31
Q

Internal arteriovenous fistula

A

Connection of an artery to a vein using an internal, artificial graft. This can be gore-tex, or bovine and is used for clients who do not have adequate blood vessels for creation of a fistula. Graft can be used 2 weeks after insertion. Needle inserted through the skin into the graft.

32
Q

Arterial steal syndrome

A

Too much blood is diverted into the vein and arterial perfusion to the hand is compromised. To check for patentcy palpate for a thrill or auscultate for a bruit.

33
Q

Signs and symptoms of Peritonitis

A
  1. Fever
  2. Cloudy outflow
  3. Abdominal pain (common for first 2 weeks)
  4. Malaise
  5. Nausea and vomiting
34
Q

Hyperacute kidney rejection

A

Rejection occurs when the organ is attached

35
Q

Acute kidney rejection

A

Happens in the first 6 weeks

36
Q

Chronic kidney rejection

A

Occurs slowly over months and years

37
Q

Clinical signs of kidney rejection

A
  1. Temperatue >100
  2. Pain at graft site
  3. 2-3 lb weight gain in 24 hours
  4. Edema
  5. Hypertension
  6. Malaise
  7. Increase BUN and SC
  8. Decreased CC
  9. Increased WCC
    10 Rejection indicated on ultrasound or biopsy
38
Q

Urosepsis

A

Bacteremia originating in the urinary tract usually caused by Ecoli. Can lead to septic shock if not treated. Usually infection comes from a catheter. Fever is the earliest manifestation.

39
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra usually associated with an STI.

40
Q

Symptoms of Urethritis

A
  1. Pain/Burning during urination
  2. Frequency/ Urgency
  3. Nocturne
  4. Difficulty voiding
  5. Males have clear to micropurulent discharge
41
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

Cysts form which cause hypertrophy of the kidneys leading to cystic rupture, infection, formation of scar tissue and damaged nephrons.

42
Q

Symptoms of polycystic kidney disease

A
  1. Flank, lumbar or abdo pain relieved by lying down
  2. fever and chills
  3. recurrent UTIs
  4. Hematuria, proteinuria and pyuria
43
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Distention of the renal pelvis due to a stone blockage and urine backing up behind it. Surgery required to remove the stone.

44
Q

Symptoms of hydronephrosis

A
  1. Dull flank pain radiating to the groin
  2. Hypertension
  3. Headhead
45
Q

Cytoscopy

A

Insertion of a catheter to move or bypass renal stone.

46
Q

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy

A

Ultrasonic waves used to break up renal stones (non-invasive)

47
Q

Percutaneous lithotripsy

A

Guide inserted and ultrasonic wave emitted near renal stone to break it up (invasive)

48
Q

Epididymitis

A

Acute or chronic inflammation of the epididymis that occurs as a result of an STI, UTI, prostatitis and long term catheter use.

49
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

Slow enlargement of the prostate gland with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of normal tissue.

50
Q

Where is pain referred with bladder trauma?

A

The shoulder

51
Q

How do you determine the patentcy of an arteriovenous fistula?

A

Palpate for a thrill or listen for a bruit.

52
Q

What are the symptoms of urethritis?

A
  • Dysuria

- purulent discharge

53
Q

Symptoms of epididymitis

A
  • fever
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • scrotal pain
  • chills
54
Q

Kock’s pouch

A

Continent internal reservoir, patient will self-catherize in order to void.

55
Q

Typical time and length of hemodialysis

A

3 days a week, 3-4 hours per day

56
Q

Dialysis precautions for infection risk

A

Mask for nurse and patient

57
Q

Common symptom of Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Flank pain and hematuria

58
Q

How is fluid given amount established after a transplant

A

Number of mls given at a rate equal to the number of mls of the previous hours output.

59
Q

Transurethral resection of prostate syndrome

A

Increased absorption of non-electrolyte fluid used during surgery.

60
Q

Symptoms of transurethral resection of prostate syndrome

A
  • bradycardia
  • confusion
  • disorientation
  • muscle twitching
  • visual disturbance
61
Q

Fluids that acidify urine

A
  • prune, apricot, cranberry and plum juice
62
Q

Peritoneal dialysis good for patients with these conditions:

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Diabetes

Good because of slow shift in fluid, fast in hemodialysis.

63
Q

Hypovolemia, what blood product prescribed?

A

Albumin as a plasma expander.