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NCLEX > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal gland resulting in deficiency of corticosteroid hormones. Fatal if untreated.

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2
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

Sign of hypocalcemia. A spasm of the facial muscle elicited by tapping on the facial nerve anterior to the ear.

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3
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Disorder resulting from excessive and chronic production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.

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4
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Hyposecretion of ADH from the pituitary gland resulting in the kidneys failing to reabsorb water and diuresis.

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5
Q

Myxedema coma

A

Coma caused by persistently low thyroid production.

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6
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Sign of hypocalcemia. Hand curls up when BP cuff applied to brachial artery for 3 minutes.

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system, endocrine processes, sleep, body temperature and appetite.

  • growth hormone - inhibiting
  • growth hormone - releasing
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Located in the base of the brain it promotes the growth of body tissue, influences water absorption in the kidneys, and controls sexual development and function.

  • growth hormone
  • lutenizing hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
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9
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Sit on top of each kidney and regulate electrolyte balance, carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism, development of sexual characteristics and sustains the fight or flight response.

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10
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Outer shell of the adrenal gland which synthesizes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

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11
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Inner core of the adrenal gland which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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12
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Controls body metabolism, growth and function of T3 and T4

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13
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Located in the thyroid gland and control calcium and phosphorus metabolism and produce parathyroid hormone.

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14
Q

Pancreas

A

Metabolizes carbs, fats and proteins and produces insulin and glucagon.

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15
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Regulates hormone secretion by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

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16
Q

Radioactive iodine uptake

A

Thyroid function test, if increase in value then hyperthyroidism confirmed, if decrease in value then hypothyroidism confirmed.

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17
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Hyposecretion of pituitary hormones cause by tumor, trauma, autoimmunity or stroke. Most often affects gonadotropic and growth hormones. Treat with hormone replacement therapy.

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18
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Hypo secretion of ADH causes the kidneys to fail to reabsorb water. Symptoms include dehydration, urination, polydipsia. Administer vasopressin tannate or demopressin acetate for treatment.

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19
Q

Inappropriate ADH secretion

A

ADH is in appropriately secreted by the posterior pituitary gland causing fluid overload, weight gain, hypertension, and tachycardia. Limit fluids and diuretics.

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20
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hyposecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex (corticosteroids). Causes lethargy, weight loss, GI problems, hypoglycemia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia. Monitor WBC and electrolytes, administer glucocorticosteriods or mineralcorticosteriods.

21
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Hyper secretion of corticosteroids of the adrenal cortex. Causes obesity, moonface, buffalo hump. Chemotherapy and tumor removal.

22
Q

Conn’s Syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)

A

Hypersecretion of aldosterone from the adrenal gland (usually caused by an adenoma). Polydipsia, polyuria, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hypertension, visual disturbance. Adrenalectomy, administer spironolactone to promote fluid balance and control hypertension.

23
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Catelecholamine producing tumor usually found in the adrenal medulla. Produces excess epinephrine and norepinephrine. Treated by removal of the adrenal gland.

24
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Hyposecretion of T3 and T4, lowers body metabolism causing lethargy, weakness, bradycardia, cold sensation, constipation. Treated with hormone replacement therapy.

25
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypersecretion of T3 & T4. Increases body metabolism, causing diarrhea, hot, protruding eyes, hypertension. Treat with anti-thyroid medication to block thyroid synthesis or removal.

26
Q

Symptoms of hypo

A
  • shakiness
  • palpitations
  • lightheadedeness
  • irritability
  • nervousness
  • confusion
  • diaphoresis
27
Q

Symptoms of hyper

A
  • polyuria
  • blurred vision
  • fruity breath
  • polydipsia
28
Q

Treatment for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome

A

Treatment focuses on correcting electrolyte imbalance and restoring fluid volume.

29
Q

DKA - symptoms that confirm diagnosis

A
  • deep rapid breathing
  • increased blood glucose levels
  • decrease in bicarbonate levels
  • arterial pH < 7.35
  • glucose >250mg/dL
30
Q

Normal blood glucose level

A

70-100 mg/dL

31
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Blood sugar <70mg/dl

32
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

> 100 mg/dL

Symptomatic at >200 mg/dl

33
Q

NPH insulin

A

It is an intermediate-acting insulin (isophane). It starts to work more slowly but lasts longer than regular insulin. Insulin isophane works by helping blood sugar (glucose) get into cells so your body can use it for energy. Insulin isophane is often used in combination with a shorter-acting insulin.

34
Q

Symptom of hyperparathyroidism

A

Polyuria - hypercalcemia is a characteristic of hyperparathyroidism causing osmotic diuresis and polyuria.

35
Q

Complications of pheocromocytoma

A

Hypertension, hypertensive retinopathy and nephropathy, myocarditis, increased platelet aggregation, and stroke

36
Q

Signs of hypoparathyroidism

A

Feeling cold, hair loss, lethargy, and facial puffiness

37
Q

Signs of hyperparathyroidism

A

Tremors, weight loss, feeling hot, diarrhea

38
Q

Symptoms of a thyroid storm

A

Elevated temperature (fever), nausea, and tremors. In addition, as the condition progresses, the client becomes confused. The client is restless and anxious and experiences tachycardia.

39
Q

Humulin R

A

Short acting insulin that can be given IV

40
Q

Humulin N

A

Intermediate acting insulin

41
Q

Addisonian crisis

A

serious life-threatening response to acute adrenal insufficiency that most commonly is precipitated by a major stressor. The client in Addisonian crisis may demonstrate any of the signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease, but the primary problems are sudden profound weakness; severe abdominal, back, and leg pain; hyperpyrexia followed by hypothermia; peripheral vascular collapse; coma; and renal failure.

42
Q

Signs of hypothyroidism

A

puffy, edematous face, especially around the eyes (periorbital edema), along with coarse facial features, dry skin, and dry, coarse hair and eyebrows.

43
Q

Signs of hyperthyroidism

A

Thin, silky hair
Bulging eyeballs
Fine muscle tremors

44
Q

Tetany

A

A condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.

45
Q

Posterior pituitary gland produces

A

ADH and oxytocin

46
Q

Anterior pituitary gland produces

A

GH, LH, and FSH.

47
Q

Manifestations of Addison’s disease

A

postural hypotension from fluid loss, syncope, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, weight loss, depression, and irritability.

48
Q

Thyroid storm

A

An acute, life-threatening condition that occurs in a client with uncontrollable hyperthyroidism. Clinical manifestations of thyroid storm include systolic hypertension, tachycardia, diarrhea, and a fever as high as 106° F. Other manifestations include abdominal pain, dehydration, extreme vasodilation, stupor rapidly progressing to coma, atrial fibrillation, and cardiovascular collapse.

NCLEX (48 decks)

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