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NCLEX > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Left side heart valves

A
  1. Bicuspid

2. Mitral

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2
Q

Right side heart valve

A
  1. Tricuspid
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3
Q

Location of the Pulmonic Valve

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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4
Q

Location of the Aortic valve

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

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5
Q

Electrical conduction pathway

A
  1. SA Node (pacemaker)
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of HIS
  4. R and L bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibres
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6
Q

Troponin I - normal level

A

Less than .06 ng/mL

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7
Q

Troponin T - normal level

A

Less than 0.1 ng/mL

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8
Q

Function of myoglobin

A

Oxygen binding protein

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9
Q

Normal serum cholesterol level

A

Less than 200 mg/dL

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10
Q

Normal LDL level

A

Less than 130 mg/dL

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11
Q

Normal HDL level

A

30-70 mg/dL

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12
Q

ECG - small squares =

A

.04 seconds

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13
Q

ECG - large squares =

A

.20 seconds

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14
Q

PR interval =

A

.12-.20 seconds (3-5 small boxes)

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15
Q

QRS complex =

A

.04-.10 seconds (1.5-3 small boxes)

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16
Q

Holter monitoring

A

Monitors the heart, client wears while carrying out ADLs

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17
Q

Echocardiography

A

Looks at the structure of the heart using ultrasound.

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18
Q

Digital subtraction angiography

A

X-ray combined with fluoroscopy for visualization of the cardiovascular system. Contrast dye is used.

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19
Q

Transmyocardial revascularization

A

High powered laser cuts 20-24 channels in the left ventricle, blood enters through these channels providing the effected part of the heart with blood and oxygen.

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20
Q

Premature ventricular contracts

A

Early ventricular contractions resulting from increase irritability of the ventricles. Can be cause by hypokalemia.

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21
Q

Cardioversion

A

Synchronized shock to convert an unstable rhythm to a stable one. Synchronized with the R wave.

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22
Q

Defibrillation

A

Used to treat VT or VF

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23
Q

PTCA

A

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty - used to treat coronary artery disease.

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24
Q

Anterior wall or septal MI, what is obstructed?

A

The left anterior descending artery.

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25
Q

Posterior wall or lateral wall MI, what is obstructed?

A

The circumflex artery.

26
Q

Inferior wall MI, what is obstructed?

A

The right coronary artery.

27
Q

Cariogenic shock

A

Failure of the heart to pump adequately, thereby reducing cardiac output and compromising tissue perfusion. Results in up to 40% necrosis of the left ventricle.

28
Q

Signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock

A
  1. Hypotension <90mmHg systolic
  2. Urine output <30mL per hour
  3. Cold, clammy skin
  4. Decreased peripheral pulses
  5. Pulmonary congestion
  6. Tachypnea
  7. Disorientation, restlessness and confusion
29
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Restricts ventricular filling resulting in reduced cardiac output. Treated with a pericardiocentesis.

30
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

Vasospasm of arterioles and arteries of the upper and lower extremities. Attacks are intermittent and occur with exposure to cold or stress.

31
Q

Buerger’s disease

A

Occlusive disease of the median and small arteries and veins. Blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with clots. Can lead to infection and gangrene.

32
Q

Symptoms of cariogenic shock

A
  1. Decrease in BP
  2. Tachycardia
  3. CVP increases due to backup of fluid
  4. Dysrhythmias due to decreased oxygen levels.
33
Q

Ventricular tachycardia (on the ECG)

A

No P waves present, wide QRS complex and a heart rate of 140-180 bpm.

34
Q

Symptoms of AF

A

Low cardiac output due to a lack of atrial contraction. Symptoms include:

  1. Hypotension
  2. Fatigue
  3. Weakness & dizziness
35
Q

How many joules are used when defibrillating a patient?

A

360 joules

36
Q

During cardiac catheterization what diabetic medication is withheld?

A

Metformin.

37
Q

Atrial Flutter - on an ECG

A
  1. No P waves
  2. regular R waves
  3. sawtooth F wave
38
Q

PVC - Premature Ventricular contractions - on ECG

A
  1. Occur repetitively

2. QRS can be uni- or vari-focal

39
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia - on ECG

A
  1. Wide QRS complex
  2. No P waves
  3. 120-150 BPM
40
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation - on ECG

A
  1. Irregular rhythm
  2. No P Wave
  3. QRS Complex
41
Q

1st Degree Heart Block - on ECG

A
  1. P & R waves regular

2. Long PR interval

42
Q

Heart Block

A

Electrical conduction signal is slowed or disrupted as it moves through the heart.
1st degree - long PR interval
2nd degree - skipped beats
3rd degree - limits the ability to pump blood and can be fatal.

43
Q

Symptoms of Arterial ulcer

A
  1. Pale deep base
  2. Cool skin
    Caused by tissue ischemia due to inadequate blood supply.
44
Q

Venous status ulcer - appearance and cause

A

Appears dark red, brown skin and localized edema. Caused by accumulation of waste products due to venous congestion.

45
Q

Hyperkalemia - appearance on ECG

A

Tall T waves

46
Q

Hypokalemia - appearance on ECG

A

Lowered ST segment

47
Q

Management of DVT includes:

A
  1. Bed rest
  2. Limb elevation
  3. Warm moist heat compress
  4. Analgesia (tylenol)
48
Q

Sclerotherapy

A

Injection of sclerosing agent into a varicose vein which damages the vessel causing thrombosis and closing the vessel.

49
Q

Bundle branch block - on ECG

A

Widened QRS complex

50
Q

Variant angina

A

Vasospasm which at the same time of day without exertion. Treated with calcium channel blockers.

51
Q

Function of Calcium in heart contractility

A

Calcium enters the heart during depolarization, exits during depolarization. Low Calcium levels can lead to cardiac arrest.

52
Q

Symptoms of Hypothermia

A

Low BP and Pulse

53
Q

Symptoms of DVT

A
  1. Warm and red leg
  2. Low grade fever
  3. Tenderness
  4. Dilated veins
54
Q

Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Warmth (blanket)
  3. Pain relief
  4. Foot care
  5. Nutrition
55
Q

Types of edema

A

1 + : mild pitting, slight indentation, no swelling
2+ : moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly
3+ : deep pitting, indentation remains a short time, leg swelling
4+ : very deep pitting, indentation remains long time, leg very swollen

56
Q

How many joules are used initially for cardioversion?

A

50-100 joules

57
Q

Pain assessment questions

A
  1. Location
  2. Intensity
  3. Duration
  4. Precipitating & alleviating factors
  5. Associated symptoms
58
Q

Ventricular tachycardia treatment at bedside

A

Cough CPR

59
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

Bone marrow condition causing excessive production of WBC, RBC and platelets. Risk of thrombosis.

60
Q

Normal Cardiac Output

A

4-7 liters per minute.

NCLEX (48 decks)

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