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NCLEX > Neurological System > Flashcards

Neurological System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cerebrum is responsible for…

A

Responsible for sensory and motor activity, thought and learning.

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex is responsible for…

A

Responsible for sensory and motor activity, thought and learning.

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3
Q

Diencephalon is comprised of….

A

Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

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4
Q

Thalamus is responsible for

A

Relaying messages to the cortex

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5
Q

Hypothalamus is responsible for

A

Regulating sleep, stress, appetite, body temperature, fluid balance and emotions

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6
Q

Brain stem is comprised of…

A

Mid-Brain, Pons and Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Mid-brain is responsible for…

A

Motor coordination

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8
Q

Function of the pons

A

Regulates breathing

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9
Q

Function of the Medulla Oblongata

A

Cardiac and respiratory center

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10
Q

Cerebellum is responsible for…

A

Balance and coordination

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11
Q

Normal CSF pressure

A

50-75 mm H20

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12
Q

Normal volume of CSF

A

125-150mL

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13
Q

Function of sensory neurons

A

Carry impulses to the CNS

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14
Q

Function of motor neurons

A

Carry impulses away from the CNS

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15
Q

Function of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight –> dilates pupils, increases heart rate and rhythm, contracts blood vessels, relaxes smooth muscle of the bronchi.

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16
Q

Function of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

“Feed and breed” “rest and digest” Contracts pupils, slows heart rate and rhythm, dilates blood vessels and contracts smooth muscle of the bronchi.

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17
Q

Limbic system

A

Responsible for feelings and emotions.

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18
Q

Frontal lobe is responsible for

A

Calculations (math) and knowledge of current events.

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

Responsible for recall of recent events

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20
Q

Cheyenne-Stokes respirations

A

Rhythmic respirations with periods of apnea. Indicates dysfunction within the cerebral hemisphere.

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21
Q

Neurogenic hyperventilation

A

Regular, rapid and deep respirations. Indicates a dysfunction in the low mid-brain or pons.

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22
Q

Aneustic respirations

A

Irregular respirations with pauses at the end of inspiration and expiration.

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23
Q

Decorticate posturing (flexor)

A

Flexing of one or both arms on the chest and possible extension of legs

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24
Q

Decerebrate posturing (extensor)

A

Stiff extension of one or both arms and possibly the legs.

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25
Q

Flaccid posturing

A

No motor response in the extremities

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26
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning of other toes caused by stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot.

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27
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale - Motor Response

A
  1. Obeys simple request - 6 points
  2. Moves to painful stimuli - 5 points
  3. Withdraws from painful stimuli - 4 points
  4. Abnormal flexion - 3 points
  5. Abnormal extension - 2 points
  6. No response to pain - 1 point
28
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale - Verbal Response

A
  1. Oriented - 5 points
  2. Confused - 4 points
  3. Inappropriate words - 3 points
  4. Incomprehensible sounds - 2 points
  5. No response - 1 point
29
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale - Eye Opening

A
  1. Spontaneous - 4 points
  2. To sound - 3 points
  3. To pain - 2 points
  4. No response - 1 point
30
Q

Glasgow coma scale - <8 points

A

Indicates a coma

31
Q

Brudinski’s sign

A

Involuntary flexion of the hip and knee when the neck is passively flexed.

32
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

Loss of the ability of a supine client to straighten the leg completely when flexed at the hip and knee.

33
Q

Signs of increased ICP

A
  1. Altered level of consciousness
  2. Headache
  3. Abnormal respirations
  4. Increased BP, decreased pulse
  5. Increased temperature
  6. Pupil changes
34
Q

Intervention for increased ICP

A

Maintain mechanical ventilation with increase PCO3 at 30-35mmHG to vasoconstrictor and reduce ICP

35
Q

How to determine if leakage is CSF?

A
  1. On a white swab it appears bloody surrounded by yellow stain (circular).
  2. Tests positive for glucose.
36
Q

Spinal shock

A

Complete but temporary loss of motor, sensory, reflex and autonomic function that occurs immediately in response to injury. Usually lasts <48 hours but can continue for several weeks.

37
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

Occurs with clients in T6 or above injury right after injury. Causes severe vasodilation resulting in blood pooling in the veins resulting in hypo perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism.

38
Q

Autonomic dyreflexia

A

Sudden onset of extremely high BP common in spinal injuries above T6.

39
Q

Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia

A
  1. Severe headache
  2. Severe hypertension
  3. Bradycardia
  4. Flusing
  5. Pale extremities
  6. Dilated pupils and blurred vision
40
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Anti-inflammatory and edema reducer. May interfere with health.

41
Q

Dextran

A

Plasma expander used to increase capillary blood flow to the spinal cord and to prevent and treat hypertension.

42
Q

Dantrolene and baclofen

A

Used for clients with upper motor neuron injuries to control muscle spasticity.

43
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

Tonic phase - stiffening of muscles and loss of consciousness (10-20 seconds).
Clonic phase - Hyperventilation and jerking of the extremities (30 seconds)

44
Q

Right brain damage caused by stroke results in:

A
  1. Left sided paralysis
  2. Spatial perception problems
  3. Denial or minimizing the problem
  4. Rapid performance, short attention span
  5. Impulsive, safety problems
  6. Impaired judgement
  7. Impaired time concept
45
Q

Left brain damage caused by stroke results in:

A
  1. Right sided paralysis
  2. Aphasia (impaired speech and language)
  3. Slow performance, cautious
  4. Aware of deficits, anxiety and depression
  5. Impaired comprehension - language and math
46
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects or people

47
Q

Apraxia

A

Loss of ability to execute skilled movements or gestures even though they have the physical ability to do these.

48
Q

Hemianopsia

A

Blindness in half the visual field

49
Q

Neglect syndrome

A

Client unaware of the paralyzed side

50
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

A chronic, progressive, degenerative disease characterized by demylenation of the neurons. This results in deterioration in communication and usually results in decrease of ability to walk.

51
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Neuromuscular disease characterized by considerable weakness and abnormal fatigue of the voluntary muscles. Usually results in respiratory failure

52
Q

Signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A
  1. Weakness and fatigue
  2. difficulty chewing and swallowing
  3. Dysphagia
  4. Ptosis
  5. Diplopia
  6. Diminished breath sounds
  7. Respiratory paralysis and failure
53
Q

Edrophonium test

A

Injection performed by neurologist to diagnose myasthenia graves. Risk of VF and cardiac arrest. If injection improves symptoms it is a positive diagnosis.

54
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degenerative disease caused by a depletion of dopamine in the brain. Results in bradykinesia, akinesia and monotonous speech.

55
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

Sensory disorder which results in severe, recurrent, shape facial pain.

56
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Paralysis of one side of the face caused by lower motor neuron lesion of the 7th cranial nerve. Caused by tumor, trauma, infection.

57
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

Acute infective neuritis of the cranial and peripheral nerves. The immune system overreacts to the infection causing rapid onset muscle weakness. Usually proceeded by a respiratory infection or gastroenteritis. Main nursing concern is difficulty breathing.

58
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS - Lou Gehrig’s Disease

A

Progressive degenerative disease characterized by increasing muscle weakness leading to respiratory failure. Care is treatment of symptoms, no cure.

59
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord which can be bacterial or viral. Transmitted via droplets or direct contact. CSF is analyzed to confirm diagnosis (will be cloudy with increased levels of protein). Patient should be in respiratory isolation.

60
Q

occipital lobe

A

Vision

61
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls voluntary muscle activity, including speech, and an impairment can result in expressive aphasia

62
Q

parietal lobe

A

ontains association areas for concept formation, abstraction, spatial orientation, body and object size and shape, and tactile sensation.

63
Q

anosognosia

A

The stroke client will exhibit neglect of the affected side.

64
Q

Global aphasia

A

a condition in which the affected person has few language skills as a result of extensive damage to the left hemisphere

65
Q

stereognosis

A

The ability to distinguish an object by touch is called stereognosis, which is a function of the right parietal area.

66
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

buildup of too much cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Normally, this fluid cushions your brain. When you have too much, though, it puts harmful pressure on your brain.

NCLEX (48 decks)

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