Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the urinary tract does the urinary reach maximal concentration

A

collecting ducts

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2
Q

What urine pH is good for cystine stones

A

alkaline

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3
Q

Stone composition most common to least common

A

Calcium oxalate 75%
calcium phosphate 15%
magnesium ammonium phosphate 10%
Uric acid and cystine are rare

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4
Q

Gastro condition associated with stone formation

A

small bowel disease

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5
Q

What renal disease is associated with nephrocalcinosis

and what electrolyte abnormality is associated with it

A

renal tubular acidosis
hypokalaemia (can present with muscle weakness)
hyperchloraemia

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6
Q

What RTA Is associated with less marked acidosis

A

RTA 2

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7
Q

What is medullary cystic disease

A

Polyuria polydipsia
cysts in medullar
develops in teenage years
not associated with stones (unlike medullary sponge

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8
Q

3 most likely sites of stone formation in

A

PUJ
pelvic brim
VUJ

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9
Q

why are cystine stones radioopaque

A

sulphur-hydro group

sulphur = radioopaque

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10
Q

What size are stones likely to pass

A

<4mm easily pass
5-7 likely pass
>7 unlikely to pass

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11
Q

What kind of stones are people with small bowel resection likely to develop

A

Hyperoxalruia due to decrease binding to fatty acid

Calcium oxalate stones

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12
Q

What stones does urea splitting bacteria cause

A

struvite

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13
Q

What stones have hexagon crystals

A

cystine stones

cystinuria is an autosomal recessive condition

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14
Q

what stones look like envelopes

A

calcium oxalate

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15
Q

normal urine specific gravity

A

1.002 and 1.030

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