Renal Flashcards
Where in the urinary tract does the urinary reach maximal concentration
collecting ducts
What urine pH is good for cystine stones
alkaline
Stone composition most common to least common
Calcium oxalate 75%
calcium phosphate 15%
magnesium ammonium phosphate 10%
Uric acid and cystine are rare
Gastro condition associated with stone formation
small bowel disease
What renal disease is associated with nephrocalcinosis
and what electrolyte abnormality is associated with it
renal tubular acidosis
hypokalaemia (can present with muscle weakness)
hyperchloraemia
What RTA Is associated with less marked acidosis
RTA 2
What is medullary cystic disease
Polyuria polydipsia
cysts in medullar
develops in teenage years
not associated with stones (unlike medullary sponge
3 most likely sites of stone formation in
PUJ
pelvic brim
VUJ
why are cystine stones radioopaque
sulphur-hydro group
sulphur = radioopaque
What size are stones likely to pass
<4mm easily pass
5-7 likely pass
>7 unlikely to pass
What kind of stones are people with small bowel resection likely to develop
Hyperoxalruia due to decrease binding to fatty acid
Calcium oxalate stones
What stones does urea splitting bacteria cause
struvite
What stones have hexagon crystals
cystine stones
cystinuria is an autosomal recessive condition
what stones look like envelopes
calcium oxalate
normal urine specific gravity
1.002 and 1.030