Rapid fire Facts Flashcards
MCC of congenital malformation in US
Ethanol use during pregnancy
Most common cause of neural tube defects
Folate deficiency
- MC nutritional deficit in US
MCC of congenital intellectual disability in US?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
3 amino acids modfied in the golgi appartus
- asparagine
- serine
- threonine
hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
Marfan syndrome
defective fibrillin, which holds together trophoelastin subunits
Heriditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
Alport syndrome
(defective Type IV collagen, found in basement membrane of eye, ear, kindey); cant see, cant pee, cant hear high C
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
Bell’s palsy
*if forehead unaffected, think stroke
Ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis
Horner’s syndrome
*lesion of spinal cord above T1
Worst HA of life
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
lucid interval
epidural hematoma
Bloody CSF
subarachnoid hemorrhage
MCC of subdural hematoma (anatomically)
torn bridging veins
hitting head of old person/ alcoholic; shaking baby syndrome
MCC of epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery(banch of maxillary)–> frequently secondary to fracture of temporal bone
Urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (wet, wacky, wild)
*sx due to expansion of ventricles compressing corona radiata
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of brain
senile plaques (Alzheimers)
Drooling, sweating, agitated farmer
Organophosphate poisoning
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
Alpha antagonist–> usually phenoxybenzamine (binds irreversibly)
selective A1 antagonist used to treat BPH
Tamsulosin–> is specific for alpha 1A, Alpha 1D receptors found in the prostate; little effects on the alpha 1b receptors found in vasculature
continuous machine like heart murmur
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- is a non-cyanotic shunt (L to R)
“boot-shaped heart”
Tetralogy of Fallot
- is a sign of right ventricular hypertrophy; can be indicative of pulmonary HTN in adult
rib notching, or pulsating pulses on ribs
coarctation of aorta
MCC congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
MCC congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
- review the 4 issues
- transposition of the great vessels may be a close 2nd, causes profound cyanosis
bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur
aortic regutgitation
- bounding pulses due to the wide pulse pressures (normal systolic, but diastolic much lower due to loss of blood through incompetent aortic valve
bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
Paget’s disease of bone
vertebral compression fractures
osteoporosis
positive anterior drawer sign
torn ACL
swollen, hard, painful finger joints (which hand joints involved)
osteoarthritis
DIP and PIP
swollen, boggy, painful finger joints (which joints involved)
rheumatoid arthritis
PIP and MIP–> spares the DIPs
swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout
positively birefringent crystals
pseudogout
- blue when perpendicular!!–> rhomboid shaped classicaly, but can be needle shaped
- big joints, like Knee!
negatively birefringent crystals
gout
*yellow when parallel–> classically needle shaped
HLA-DR4
Rheumatoid arthritis
HLA-B27
seronegative spondyloarthropathies , esp with men
“PAIR” = psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, IBS, Reactive arthritis (aka Reiter’s syndrome)
bamboo spine on x-ray
ankylosing spondylitis
painless oral ulcers plus raised erythematous lesions and photosensitivity
SLE–> painless oral ulcers is a buzzword
Anti-smith and anti-ds DNA Abs
SLE
*anti-dsDNA Abs is specific for renal manifestations of lupus
anti-histone Abs
drug induced SLE
anti-centromere Abs
CREST scleroderma
anti-topoisomerase I Abs (and what is other name for these)
Systemic scleroderma
*scl-70
Anti-Ro Abs or anti La Abs
Sjogren’s syndrome
- Ro = SS-A
- La = SS-B
facial rash and raynaud phenomenon in young woman
SLE
arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjogrens syndrome
most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephritis/ nephropathy
keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
MC malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
*basal cell > squamous > melanoma
MC cancer in men
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
MCC of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
MC treatment for ED in men
sildafenil or vardafenil
Dysplastic cervical cells with enlarged, dark nuclei
Koilocytes–> HPV infection
DES exposure
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
MC tumor in women
Leiomyoma
MC gynecologic malignancy in the U.S.
endometrial carcinoma
MC gynecologic malignancy worldwide
Cervical CA
chocolate cyst of ovary
endometriosis
MC benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
MC malignant ovarian tumor
serous cystadenocarcinoma
disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-exner bodies–> Granulosa cell tumor
MC genetic cause of intellectual disability
Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21)
2nd MC genetic cause of intellectual disability
Fragile X syndrome
horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, cystic hygroma
Turner’s syndrome
rocker bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
MC cancer in women in US
Breast CA
MC benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma (esp in women under 35)
MC malignant breast tumor
Invasive ductal carcinoma
blue dome cyst in breast
Fibrocystic change
Treatment for ER (+) breast CA
Tamoxifen
Red, itchy, swollen rash on nipple and areola
Paget’s disease of breast
*commonly indicates an underlying breast carcinoma, usually ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
branching, filamentous Gram (+) rods with sulphur granules
Actinomyces israelii
food poisoning due to exotoxin (2)
- S. aureus (vomiting within 2-3 hours, think mayo)
2. B. cereus (reheated rice)
osteomylelitis in Sickle cell
Salmonella
MC medication used for UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
MC bacterial infection in a pt. w/ struvite (rams horn) kidney stone
Proteus mirabilis
sometimes S. aureus
standard tx for T. palladium
Penicillin
cellulitis form dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
non-painful, indurated ulcerous lesion
Syphilis chancre–> primary syphilis
moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
condylomata lati–> secondary syphilis
Large bulls eye rash
erythema migrans–> Lyme disease
calcified granuloma in lung, plus hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon Complex–> primary TB
Back pain, fever, night sweats and weight loss
Pott’s disease (extrapulmonary reactivated TB, secondary TB)
standard treatment regimen for TB
- Rifampin
- Isoniazid
- Pyrazinamide
- Ethambutol
eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
Hyperimmunoglobilin E syndrome (Job syndrome)
large lysosomal vesicles in phagocyte
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Toe extension upon stimulating sole of foot with blunt instrument
positive Babinski
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, positive Babinski
Upper Motor neuron lesion
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, muscle atrophy, fasciculations
Lower motor neuron lesion
Depigmentation of substantia nigra
Parkinson’s disease
Chorea, dementia, atrophy of caudate and putamen
Huntington’s disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies (alpha-synulcein deposits)
conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
degenerating dz of dorsal columns
Tabes dorsalis
demyelinating dz in a young woman
Multiple Sclerosis
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
AML
newborn with arm paralysis following labor
Upper trunk (C5-C6) lesion–> Erb-duchenne palsy
MCC of dementia
Alzheimers
2nd MCC cause of dementia
Vascular (multi-infarct) dementia
Extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter
Amyloid plaques of Alzheimers
Intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Neurofibrillary tangles (alzheimers)
intracellular spherical aggrgates of tau protein seen on silver stain
Pick bodies (frontotemporal dementia)