Pulmonary Flashcards
structures pass through diaphragm
T8: IVC
T10: esophagus and vagus n
T12: aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome
embryology of diaphragm
septum transversum fuses with pleuroperitoneal fold and pericardioperitoneal fold
common defect is pleuroperitoneal folds
formulas for calculating TLC
FRC+IC
IRV+TV+FRC
in lung collapse, what happens to volumes
lung volume decreases
intrathoracic volume increases
what gene mutation causes primary pulmonary HTN
BMPR2
secondary causes of pulmonary HTN
COPD, mitral stenosis, recurrent thromboemboli, autoimmune disease, L->R shunts, sleep apnea, high altitude
treatments for pulmonary HTN
Bosentan/Ambrisentan
PG analogs
sildenafil
nifedipine (dihydropyridine CCBs)
physiologic dead space formula
VD=VT * (PaCO2-PeCO2)/PaCO2
pulmonary pressure
P=Q/R = Ppulmonary-PL atria/CO
form of Hg A has high affinity and low affinity for O2
R form - high affinity
T form - low affinity (Taut)
Fe2+ high affinity
Fe3+ low affinity
substances shift oxygen-binding Hg curve to right
increased CO2, acid, temperature, 2,3-BPG, and exercise
increased Cl also
treatment for methemoglobinemia
methylene blue, vit C
cimetidine if giving drug that induces methemogobinemia
treat cyanide poisoning
nitrates to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin that binds cyanide. thiosulfate to convert to thiocyanate for renal excretion
what is normal A-a gradient
10-15 mmHg
what might elevate A-a gradient
hypoxemia: shunting, V/Q mismatch, fibrosis, increased FiO2, advanced age
women with fibroids is tired all the time. What is the diagnosis
anemia due to fibroid bleeding.
PaO2 and saturation are normal
total O2 content is low
alveolar gas equation
PAO2= PIO2 - PaCO2/R PAO2= 150-PaCO2/0.8
ways to check for hypoxemia
increased A-a gradient
PaO2/FiO2 gradient (<200 severe hypoxia (ARDS)
oxygen deprivation can be caused by
hypoxemia (decreased PaO2)
Hypoxia (decreased O2 delivery to tissue)
Ischemia (decreased blood to tissue)
V/Q at base, apex, airway obstruction and blood obstruction
base 1
airway obstruction -> 0 (no ventilation, so blood is “shunted” without being oxygenated)
blood obstruction -> infinity (physiologic dead space) 100% O2 improves
ways CO2 is transported in blood
bicarb
carbaminohemoglobin (bound to n-terminus of globin not heme)
freely dissolved
what G-force causes blackouts
4-6
hypoxic environment acclimatization results in
increased hematocrit (up to 65) and hemoglobin (up to 20)
what is the cause of acute cerebral and pulmonary edema in mountain sickness
cerebral: hypoxia vasodilation
pulmonary: hypoxic vasoconstriction increases capillary pressure so that edema results
pt suffers a recent tibia fracture and no history of COPD or asthma is shown to have hypoxia. CXR is normal. What is the cause of the hypoxia and what disease process does it mimic?
DVT from stasis causing PE
mimics MI
multiple long bone fractures
fat embolism
elevated D-dimers
PE, DVT
Virchow’s triad
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
ECG changes in PE
S1Q3T3
wide S wave in lead I
large Q and inverted T wave in lead III
treatment of DVT
heparin for prevention and acute management
warfarin for long-term prevention
blue bloater
Chronic bronchitis
hypoxemia and hypercapnia
pink puffer
emphysema
dyspnea, hyperventilation
Cuschmann’s spirals
asthma
shed epithelium form mucus plugs
most common cause of pulmonary HTN
COPD
hallmark of COPD and restrictive lung disease
COPD: decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
restrctive: dereased total capacity with normal or increased FEV1/FVC
pt has an extended expiratory phase. what is the disease process?
obstructive lung disease
differential for eosinophilia
DNAAACP
Drugs, Neoplasm, Atopic diseases (asthma, allergy), Addison disease, Acute interstitial nephritis, collagen vascular disease, parasites
triggers for asthma
viral URI, allergens, stress
test with methacholine challenge
asthma
reversible bronchoconstriction
smooth muscle hypertrophy, Curschmann’s spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals
inhaled treatment of choice for chronic asthma
corticosteroids
inhaled treatment of choice for acute exacerbations
B2 (albuterol)
narrow therapeutic index, drug of last resort for asthma/COPD
theophylline
blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene
zileuton
inhibits mast cell release of mediators, prophylaxis
cromolyn
inhaled treatment that blocks muscarinic receptors
ipratropium and tiotropium
inhaled long acting B2 agonist
salmeterol
blocks leukotriene receptors
montelukast, zofirlukast
cause rebound nasal congestion if taken long-term
pseudophedrine and phenylephrine
sarcoidosis symptoms
A GRUELING Disease ACE increase Granulomas Rheumatoid Uveitis Erythema nodosum (tibial) Lymphadenopathy (hilar bilateral) Idiopathic Noncaseating granuloma Gammaglobulinemia vit D increase
H&E of lung biopsy from plumber shows elongated structures with clubbed ends in tissues
asebestosis
increased risk of mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma
silicosis pts need to worry about
TB and cancer
bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture’s and Wegener’s
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture’s
Honeycomb lung on x-ray
interstitial fibrosis
tennis-racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (eosinophilic granuloma)
iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (suggests asbestosis)
k-ras mutation and CEA positive lung cancer
adenocarcinoma
keratin pearls seen on biopsy of hilar mass in smoker
squamous cell carcinoma
Kulchitsky cells seen in cancer with myc oncogenes
small cell (oat cell) carcinoma
associated with Lambert Eaton syndrome
small cell carcinoma
pleomorphic giant cells in a smoker
large cell carcinoma
nests of neuroendocrine cells with brochospasm, flushing and diarrhea
bronchial carcinoid tumor
B-FDR
bronchospasm and wheezing, flushing, diarrhea, right sided heart lesions
Psammoma bodies and not associated with smoking
Mesothelioma
apex of lung and causes Horner’s syndrome
Pancoast tumor
pt develops bronchogenic lung cancer but has never smoked. He is a coal miner. Exposure to what caused cancer
radon gas and silica
location of lung metastasis
brain, bone, liver (jaundice, hepatomegaly), adrenals
lung cancer associated with SIADH
small cell lung
common cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised
pneumocystis jirovecci
most common cause of atypical/walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
common causative agent for pneumonia in alcoholics
Klebsiella pneumoniae
can cause in interstital pneumonia in bird handlers
Chlamydia psittaci
cause of pneumonia in a pt with a history of exposure to bats and bat droppings
histoplasma
cause of pneumonia in pt who recently visited southwest US
coccidioides
pneumonia associated with “currant jelly” sputum
klebsiella
Q fever
coxiella burnetti
pneumonia from air conditioners
Legionella pneumophilla
pneumonia in children 1 or younger
RSV
common cause of pneumonia in neonate
Group B strep (G+) E. coli (G-)
common cause of pneumonia in children and young adults (college, military)
mycoplasma
viral pneumonia
RSV
wool-sorter’s desiase
bacillus anthracis
pneumonia in ventilator patients and those with cystic fibrosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
pontiac fever
legionella pneumophilla
30 year old comatose man on ventilator develops infection and dies. pus-filled cavity in lung. what is it
lung abscess due to aspiration
milky-appearing fluid in pleural space
lymphatic effusion
causes of a transudative pleural effusion
CHF Cirrhosis nephrotic syndrome PE fluid overload
causes of exudative pleural effusion
pneumonia infection TB cancer uremia connective tissue disorder