Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
hormones that signal through cAMP
A
FLAT ChAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH
ant. pit. hormones
2
Q
hormones that signal through IP3
A
GGOAT
GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, ADH, TRH
post. pit. hormones
3
Q
steroid receptor hormones
A
VETTT CAP
vit D, estrogen, testosterone, T3/T4
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone
4
Q
receptor tyrosine kinase hormones
A
PIG
prolactin, immunomodulators (cytokines), GH
5
Q
stimulates bone and muscle growth
A
GH
6
Q
stimulates milk production and secretion
A
prolactin
7
Q
stimulates milk secretion during lactation
A
oxytocin
8
Q
stimulates metabolic activity
A
thyroid hormone
9
Q
increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis
A
glucocorticoids
10
Q
stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete cortisol
A
ACTH
11
Q
increases plasma calcium, increases bone resoprtion
A
PTH
12
Q
decreases plasma calcium, increases bone formation
A
calcitonin
13
Q
glucocorticoids
A
zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex
14
Q
oxytocin
A
paraventricular n. of hypothalamus
15
Q
atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
A
atria of heart
16
Q
glucagon
A
a cells pancreas
17
Q
vasopression (ADH)
A
supraoptic n of hypothalamus
18
Q
calcitonin
A
parafollicular cells (c-cells)
19
Q
epi and norepi
A
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
20
Q
estradiol, estriol, estrone
A
ovaries, placenta, adipose
21
Q
somatostatin
A
d-cells of pancreas
22
Q
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
A
zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
23
Q
clinical findings in man with high sex hormone binding globulin
A
gynecomastia (low testosterone)
24
Q
clinical findings in woman with low sex hormone binding globulin
A
hirsutism (high testosterone)
25
which ant. pituitary hormones share the a subunit
TSH, LH, FSH, hCG
26
most likely clinical presentation of empty sella
asymptomatic
| might have pit deficiency
27
most common presentation of hyperprolactinemia in female
premenopause: hypogonadism-infertility, oligo/amenorrhea
postmenopause: usually asymptomatic
might have galactorrhea in both
28
clinical features of acromegaly
increased size hands, feet, head,
coarse facial features
impaired glucose tolerance
29
inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome
30
infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopsia
prolactinoma
31
adrenal gland from what tissue types
cortex: mesoderm
medulla: neural crest
32
adrenal secretory products
GFR
glomerulosa: aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
fasciculata: cortisol, sex hormones (glucocorticoids)
reticularis: sex hormones (androgens)
medulla: chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines
33
adrenal steroid metabolism enzyme deficiency shortcut
if enzyme begins with #1: HTN
if second number in enzyme is 1: masculinization
ex: 11 hydroxylase def: HTN and masculinization
34
cortisol function
```
BBIIG
maintains Blood pressure
decreases Bone formation
Immunosuppression/anti-Inflammatory
increases Insulin resistance
increases Gluconeogenesis
```
35
side effects of glucocorticoid use
BAM CUSHINGOID
buffalo hump, amenorrhea, moon facies, crazy, ulcers, skin changes, HTN, infection, necrosis of femoral head, glaucoma, osteoporosis, immunosuppression, diabetes
36
most common causes of Cushing syndrome
exogenous steroid use
ectopic ACTH secretion (small cell lung)
ACTH pit adenoma (Cushing Disease)
cortisol secreting adrenal tumor
37
treatment for nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, amiloride, indomethacin
38
HTN, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
hyperaldosteronism
39
hyperaldosteronism
Primary: adrenal hyperplasia or aldo adrenal adenoma (Conn's)
Tx: surgery and/or spironolactone
Secondary: renal perceives low blood volume
Tx: spironolactone
40
hypotension, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis
adrenal insufficiency
41
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
acute primary adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage of adrenal cortex due to N. meningitidis
42
Addison's disease
chronic primary adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal atrophy or destruction by disease
43
pheochromocytoma associated with what other diseases
neurofibromatosis type I
| MEN 2A and 2B
44
tumors that secrete erythropoeitin and cause polycythemia
pheochromocytoma
renal cell carcinoma
heamngioblastoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
45
neuroblastoma
```
child adrenal tumor that does not increase BP
c-myc oncogene
bombesin tumor marker
neurofilament stain
Homer-Wright pseudorossettes
```
46
tumor locations for the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes
MEN 1: pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas
MEN 2A: parathyroid, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma
MEN 2B: pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid, mucosal neuroma
47
most common tumor of the adrenal
benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma
48
most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in adults)
pheochromocytoma
49
most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (children)
neuroblastoma
50
most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma
51
medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
spironolactone or eplerenone
52
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
non-selective a-blocker (phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine)
53
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
MEN 2A
54
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN 2B
55
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
Addison disease
56
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
57
function of thyroid hormones
bone growth
CNS maturation
increase B1 receptors in heart
increase basal metabolic rate
58
hyperthyroidism symptoms and extremely tender thyroid gland
subacute (de Quervain) thyroiditis
59
hyperthyroidism symptoms and pretibial myxedema
Graves
60
hyperthyroidism symptoms and pride in recent weight loss, medical professional
thyroid hormone abuse
61
hyperthyroidism symptoms and palpation of single thyroid nodule
toxic thyroid adenoma
62
hyperthyroidism symptoms and palpation of multiple thyroid nodules
toxic multinodular goiter
63
hyperthyroidism symptoms and recent study using IV contrast (iodine)
Jod-Basedow phenomenon
64
hyperthyroidism symptoms and eye changes: proptosis, edema, injection
Graves
65
hyperthyroidism symptoms and history of thyroidectomy or radioablation of thyroid
too much exogenous thyroid hormone
66
treatment of hyperthyroidism
Propylthiouracil (PTU): inhibits peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase is peripheral tissue
methimazole: inhibits peroxidase
67
most common type of thyroid cancer
papillary
68
second most common type of thyroid cancer
follicular
69
activation of receptor tyrosine kinases in thyroid cancer
papillary and medullary
70
hashimoto thyroiditis is a risk factor
b cell lymphoma
71
cancer arising from parafollicular C cells
medullary
72
associated with RAS or PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangement
follicular
73
associated with RET or NTRKI or BRAF mutation
papillary
74
enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
papillary carcinoma of thyroid
75
lactic acidosis is rare but worrisome side effect
metformin
76
most common side effect is hypoglycemia
sulfonylureas
77
recommended first-line treatment for most DB II patients
metformin
78
not safe in settings of hepatic dysfunction or CHF
TZDs
79
should not be used in patients with elevated serum creatinine
metformin
80
should not be used in patients with cirrhosis or inflammatory bowel disease
a-glucosidase inhibitors
81
not associated with weight gain
metformin, DDP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogs
82
metabolized by liver; excellent choice in patients with renal disease
TZDs
83
MOA: closes K channel on B cells -> depolarization -> Ca influx -> insulin release
sulfonylureas
84
MOA: inhibits a-glucosidase at intestinal brush border
a-glucosidase inhibitors
85
MOA: agonist at PPARy receptors -> improved target cell response to insulin
TZDs
86
MOA: decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
metformin
87
good for weight loss
GLP-1 agonists
88
avoid in hypoglycemia
sulfonylureas
89
best treatment for anyone with organ failure (renal, liver, heart)
insulin
90
standard treatment for DKA
IV fluids, IV insulin, K replacement
91
standard treatment for type I DM
insulin
92
standard treatment for type II DM
low carb diet and weight loss, oral hypoglycemic, insulin
93
five categories for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome
```
abdominal obesity (waist circumference)
increased triglycerides
decreased HDL
BP >130/85
increased fasting glucose
```
94
liver disease associated with obesity
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
95
3 functions of vit D
increase bone resorption of Ca and PO4
| increase Ca and PO4 absorption in intestines
96
cell produces PTH and calcitonin
PTH: chief cells of parathyroid
calcitonin: parafollicular C cells of thyroid
97
signs of hypocalcemia
Chvostek's
| Trousseau's
98
primary hyperparathyroidism
solitary parathyroid adenoma
| parathyroid hyperplasia
99
most common cause of hypercalcemia
primary hyperparathyroidism
100
most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
101
most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure
102
most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
accidental parathyroidectomy
103
facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek's sign
104
parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN 1
105
hyperparathyroidism
stones, bones, groans and psychiatric overtones
106
differences in serum markers for primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
primary: increased Ca, PTH, alk phop decreased PO4
secondary: decreased CA, increased PTH, alk phos and PO4
