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DIT > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze

A

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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2
Q

degeneration of the dorsal columns

A

tabes dorsalis

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3
Q

demyelinating disease in a young woman

A

multiple sclerosis

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4
Q

mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease

A

ALS

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5
Q

classic presenting sign of MS

A

Charcot’s triad:
scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
also can see bowel/bladder incontinence, optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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6
Q

newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor

A

Erb-duchenne palsy

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7
Q

unable to extend 4th and 5th fingers

A

ulnar n

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8
Q

unable to abduct thumb

A

median n

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9
Q

unable to flex index and middle finger

A

median n

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10
Q

wrist drop

A

radial n

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11
Q

scapular winging

A

long thoracic

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12
Q

loss of sensation over fingers 1-4

A

median

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13
Q

cannot abduct or adduct fingers

A

ulnar n

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14
Q

loss of shoulder abduction

A

axillary

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15
Q

loss of elbow flexion and forearm supination

A

musculocutaneous

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16
Q

loss of wrist extension

A

radial

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17
Q

pricking pain (fast, myelinated)

A

A delta fiber

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18
Q

burning or dull pain and itch (slow, unmyelinated)

A

c-polymodal

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19
Q

receptor for cold

A

A delta cold thermoreceptor

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20
Q

receptor for warm

A

warm thermorecptor (c-polymodal)

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21
Q

vibration and pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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22
Q

dynamic/changing light, discriminatory touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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23
Q

static/unchanging light touch

A

Merkel

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24
Q

proprioception: muscle length

A

muscle spindle (intrafusal muscle fiber 1a afferent)

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25
Q

proprioception: muscle length

A

golgi tendon organ (1b afferent)

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26
Q

Cardinal features of Parkinson’s

A

tremor: resting or pill-rolling
rigidity: cogwheel
akinesia or hypokinesia
postural instability
mask-like facies
festinating gait

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27
Q

initial vision loss in open and closed angle glaucoma

A

open: peripheral then central
closed: sudden vision loss

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28
Q

treatment of glaucoma

A

prostaglandins, B-blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), cholinergic agonists

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29
Q

pt has vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss

A

Meniere disease

30
Q

acute otitis media bugs

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
nontypable H. influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

31
Q

otitis externa bugs

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

S. aureus sometimes

32
Q

chronic otitis media sometimes results in cystic lesion lined by karatinizing squamous epithelium that is filled with amorphous disease

A

cholesteatoma

33
Q

symptoms of a lesion to C5 and C6 nerve roots

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy “waiter’s tip”

medial rotation, straight arm, flexed wirst

34
Q

symptoms of a lesion to inferior trunk of brachial plexus

A

Klumpke’s palsy
loss of sensory on forearm and medial hand
atrophy of thenar, hypothenar, and interosseous muscles

35
Q

intranuclear inclusions in herpes simplex encephalitis

A

Cowdry type A

36
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions pathognomonic of rabies

A

negri bodies

37
Q

neuronal inclusions characteristic of Parkinson’s

A

Lewy bodies

38
Q

cytoplasmic inclusion bodies associated with aging

A

lipofuscin granules

39
Q

dark cytoplasmic pigment in neurons of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleos, not seen in pts with Parkinson

A

melanin

40
Q

eosinophilic, rod-like inclusions in hippocampus of Alzheimer’s pt

A

Hirano bodies

41
Q

diagnostic of Alzheimer’s

A

neurofibrillary plaques and tangles

42
Q

filamentous inclusions that stain with silver, do not survive neuronal death

A

Pick bodies

43
Q

fliamentous inclusions that stain with PAS and ubiquitin

A

Lewy body

44
Q

resembles an onion in cross section

A

Pacinian corpuscle

45
Q

robust spindle-shaped structures found on soles of the feet

A

Ruffini

46
Q

found only in areas of skin without hair

A

Meissner’s

47
Q

simplest sensory receptor thought to be pain receptor or thermoreceptor

A

free nerve endings

48
Q

touch receptor that is tough to distinguish from melanocytes

A

Merkel cell

49
Q

diseases associated with Lewy bodies

A

Lewy body dementia
Parkinson
rare type of Alzheimer’s

50
Q

Delirium

A 
acute onset
fluctuating daily course "waxing and waning"
decreased level of consciousness
disorganized thought production
delusions or hallucinations
reversible (drugs or UTI cause most)
51
Q

Dementia

A 
gradual onset
consistent daily course
normal level of consciousness
impoverished though production
minimal psychotic features
irreversible
52
Q

components of a dementia work-up

A 
Mini mental state exam
rule out other causes:
RPR (syphilis)
HIV
TSH
B12 levels
MRI (for normal pressure hydrocephalus and multi-infarct dementia)
53
Q

Mechanism of Alzheimer’s drugs

A 
cholinesterase inhibitor
NMDA antagonist (block glutamate)
54
Q

most common cause of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s

55
Q

second most common cause of dementia

A

multi-infarct dementia (vascular)

56
Q

extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter

A

Alzheimer’s

57
Q

intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

A

Alzheimer’s

58
Q

intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain

A

Pick disease (frontotemporal)

59
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

alpha-synuclein aggregates

visual hallucinations, repeated syncopal episodes, very fast progression

60
Q

unable to wipe bottom is injury to which n

A

thoracodorsal

61
Q

weak external rotation of arm is injury to which n

A

suprascapular

62
Q

4 major dopaminergic pathways

A

mesocorticol: ventral tegmental of midbrain -> cortex
lesion: increae negative symptoms of psychosis
mesolimbic: midbrain -> limbic
lesion: decreased positive signs of schizophrenia
nigrostriatal: substanita nigra pars compacta -> neostriatum
lesion: Parkinson
tuberoinfundibular: arcuate n of hypothalamus -> pituitary
lesion: increased prolactin

63
Q

Tx of narcolepsy

A

daytime stimulants: amphetamines, modafinil

nightL sodium oxybate (GHB)

64
Q

drug of choice for absence seizures

A

ethosuximide 1st

valproic acid 2nd

65
Q

treat status epilepticus

A

benzos: diazepam or lorazepam

phenytoin 1st line for prophylaxis

66
Q

treatment of eclampsia

A

MgSO4 1st

benzos 2nd

67
Q

teratogenic anti-epileptic drugs

A

phenytoin
carbamazepine
valproic acid

68
Q

cause stevens-johnson syndrome

A

ethosuximide, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, sulfonamides, penicillins, allopurinol

69
Q

drugs that cause agranulocytosis

A 
remember the C's
carbamazepine
clozapine
colchicine
PTU
methimazole
70
Q

drugs that induce p450 system

A 
Coronas, Guiness and PBRs induce chronic alcoholism
carbamazepine
griseofulvin
phenytoin
barbiturates
rifampin
st john's wort
chronic alcoholism
71
Q

treatment for tonic-clonic seizures

A

phenytoin
carbamazepine
valproic acid

DIT (28 decks)

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