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DIT > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze

A

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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2
Q

degeneration of the dorsal columns

A

tabes dorsalis

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3
Q

demyelinating disease in a young woman

A

multiple sclerosis

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4
Q

mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease

A

ALS

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5
Q

classic presenting sign of MS

A

Charcot’s triad:
scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
also can see bowel/bladder incontinence, optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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6
Q

newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor

A

Erb-duchenne palsy

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7
Q

unable to extend 4th and 5th fingers

A

ulnar n

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8
Q

unable to abduct thumb

A

median n

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9
Q

unable to flex index and middle finger

A

median n

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10
Q

wrist drop

A

radial n

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11
Q

scapular winging

A

long thoracic

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12
Q

loss of sensation over fingers 1-4

A

median

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13
Q

cannot abduct or adduct fingers

A

ulnar n

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14
Q

loss of shoulder abduction

A

axillary

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15
Q

loss of elbow flexion and forearm supination

A

musculocutaneous

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16
Q

loss of wrist extension

A

radial

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17
Q

pricking pain (fast, myelinated)

A

A delta fiber

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18
Q

burning or dull pain and itch (slow, unmyelinated)

A

c-polymodal

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19
Q

receptor for cold

A

A delta cold thermoreceptor

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20
Q

receptor for warm

A

warm thermorecptor (c-polymodal)

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21
Q

vibration and pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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22
Q

dynamic/changing light, discriminatory touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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23
Q

static/unchanging light touch

A

Merkel

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24
Q

proprioception: muscle length

A

muscle spindle (intrafusal muscle fiber 1a afferent)

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25
proprioception: muscle length
golgi tendon organ (1b afferent)
26
Cardinal features of Parkinson's
tremor: resting or pill-rolling rigidity: cogwheel akinesia or hypokinesia postural instability mask-like facies festinating gait
27
initial vision loss in open and closed angle glaucoma
open: peripheral then central closed: sudden vision loss
28
treatment of glaucoma
prostaglandins, B-blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), cholinergic agonists
29
pt has vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss
Meniere disease
30
acute otitis media bugs
Streptococcus pneumoniae nontypable H. influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis
31
otitis externa bugs
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | S. aureus sometimes
32
chronic otitis media sometimes results in cystic lesion lined by karatinizing squamous epithelium that is filled with amorphous disease
cholesteatoma
33
symptoms of a lesion to C5 and C6 nerve roots
Erb-Duchenne palsy "waiter's tip" | medial rotation, straight arm, flexed wirst
34
symptoms of a lesion to inferior trunk of brachial plexus
Klumpke's palsy loss of sensory on forearm and medial hand atrophy of thenar, hypothenar, and interosseous muscles
35
intranuclear inclusions in herpes simplex encephalitis
Cowdry type A
36
cytoplasmic inclusions pathognomonic of rabies
negri bodies
37
neuronal inclusions characteristic of Parkinson's
Lewy bodies
38
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies associated with aging
lipofuscin granules
39
dark cytoplasmic pigment in neurons of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleos, not seen in pts with Parkinson
melanin
40
eosinophilic, rod-like inclusions in hippocampus of Alzheimer's pt
Hirano bodies
41
diagnostic of Alzheimer's
neurofibrillary plaques and tangles
42
filamentous inclusions that stain with silver, do not survive neuronal death
Pick bodies
43
fliamentous inclusions that stain with PAS and ubiquitin
Lewy body
44
resembles an onion in cross section
Pacinian corpuscle
45
robust spindle-shaped structures found on soles of the feet
Ruffini
46
found only in areas of skin without hair
Meissner's
47
simplest sensory receptor thought to be pain receptor or thermoreceptor
free nerve endings
48
touch receptor that is tough to distinguish from melanocytes
Merkel cell
49
diseases associated with Lewy bodies
Lewy body dementia Parkinson rare type of Alzheimer's
50
Delirium
``` acute onset fluctuating daily course "waxing and waning" decreased level of consciousness disorganized thought production delusions or hallucinations reversible (drugs or UTI cause most) ```
51
Dementia
``` gradual onset consistent daily course normal level of consciousness impoverished though production minimal psychotic features irreversible ```
52
components of a dementia work-up
``` Mini mental state exam rule out other causes: RPR (syphilis) HIV TSH B12 levels MRI (for normal pressure hydrocephalus and multi-infarct dementia) ```
53
Mechanism of Alzheimer's drugs
``` cholinesterase inhibitor NMDA antagonist (block glutamate) ```
54
most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer's
55
second most common cause of dementia
multi-infarct dementia (vascular)
56
extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter
Alzheimer's
57
intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Alzheimer's
58
intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain
Pick disease (frontotemporal)
59
Lewy body dementia
alpha-synuclein aggregates | visual hallucinations, repeated syncopal episodes, very fast progression
60
unable to wipe bottom is injury to which n
thoracodorsal
61
weak external rotation of arm is injury to which n
suprascapular
62
4 major dopaminergic pathways
mesocorticol: ventral tegmental of midbrain -> cortex lesion: increae negative symptoms of psychosis mesolimbic: midbrain -> limbic lesion: decreased positive signs of schizophrenia nigrostriatal: substanita nigra pars compacta -> neostriatum lesion: Parkinson tuberoinfundibular: arcuate n of hypothalamus -> pituitary lesion: increased prolactin
63
Tx of narcolepsy
daytime stimulants: amphetamines, modafinil | nightL sodium oxybate (GHB)
64
drug of choice for absence seizures
ethosuximide 1st | valproic acid 2nd
65
treat status epilepticus
benzos: diazepam or lorazepam | phenytoin 1st line for prophylaxis
66
treatment of eclampsia
MgSO4 1st | benzos 2nd
67
teratogenic anti-epileptic drugs
phenytoin carbamazepine valproic acid
68
cause stevens-johnson syndrome
ethosuximide, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, sulfonamides, penicillins, allopurinol
69
drugs that cause agranulocytosis
``` remember the C's carbamazepine clozapine colchicine PTU methimazole ```
70
drugs that induce p450 system
``` Coronas, Guiness and PBRs induce chronic alcoholism carbamazepine griseofulvin phenytoin barbiturates rifampin st john's wort chronic alcoholism ```
71
treatment for tonic-clonic seizures
phenytoin carbamazepine valproic acid

DIT (28 decks)

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