Foundations

Question 1

Neural crest derivatives

Answer 1

PNS: autonomic NS, cranial n, DRG, schwann cells
ossicles of ear
anterior chamber eye: cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary muscle
chromaffin cells (catecholamines)
odontoblasts
aorticopulmonary septum (spiral)
enteric NS, celiac ganglion, enterochromaffin cells
parafollicular cells
melanocytes
thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Question 2

teratogenic drugs

Answer 2

ACE-renal
aminoglycosides CN VIII
fluoroquinolones cartilage
tetracyclines discolored teeth
cyclophosphamide ear/facial
methotrexate NT defects
carbamazepine NT defects
valproic acid NT defects
phenytoin fetal hydantoin syndrome
lithium Ebstein anomaly
statins CNS and limb
warfarin facial/limb/CNS, spontaneous abortion
isotretinoin spontaneous abortion
diethylstilbestrol (DES) clear cell adenocarcinoma
thalidomide phocomelia (flipper limbs)

Question 3

Pregnancy X drugs

Answer 3

warfarin
methotrexate
thalidomide
DES
statins
isotretinoin

Question 4

nuclear localization signals

Answer 4

lysine, arginine, proline

+ charged

Question 5

vimentin

Answer 5

connective tissue IF

Question 6

desmin

Answer 6

muscle IF

Question 7

cytokeratin

Answer 7

epithelial IF

Question 8

GFAP

Answer 8

astrocyte and Schwann cell IF

Question 9

peripherin

Answer 9

neuron IF (neuroblastoma)

Question 10

neurofilaments (L, M, H)

Answer 10

axons

Question 11

nuclear lamins (A, B, C)

Answer 11

nuclear envelope

Question 12

leukotrienes

Answer 12

neutrophil chemotaxis (LTB4)
increase bronchial tone (LTC4, D4, E4)

Question 13

prostacyclin

Answer 13

PGI2
decreased platelet aggregation
decreased vascular tone
decreased bronchial tone
decreased uterine tone

Question 14

Prostaglandins

Answer 14

PGE2 and PGF2a
increased uterine tone
increased gastric mucus production
decreased vascular tone
decreased bronchial tone

Question 15

thromboxane

Answer 15

increased platelet aggregation
increased vascular tone
increased bronchial tone

Question 16

cell injury serum markers

Answer 16

cardiac muscle: myoglobin, CPK, CKMB, troponin I
skeletal muscle: CPK, aldolase, myoglobin
hepatocytes: AST, ALT, alk phosphate, GGT
salivary glands: amylase
pancreas: amylase, lipase
RBC: heme -> bilirubin

Question 17

proteins modified by Golgi

Answer 17

serine, threonine, asparagine

Question 18

4 major dopaminergic paths

Answer 18

mesocorticol: ventral tegmental of midbrain -> cortex
lesion: increae negative symptoms of psychosis
mesolimbic: midbrain -> limbic
lesion: decreased positive signs of schizophrenia
nigrostriatal: substanita nigra pars compacta -> neostriatum
lesion: Parkinson
tuberoinfundibular: arcuate n of hypothalamus -> pituitary
lesion: increased prolactin