Psychological Disorders Part 4

Question 1

major depression

Answer 1

a disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal and cognitive and physical sluggishness

Question 2

major depression affects almost ___% of Canadians and is twice as common in women

Answer 2

10%

Question 3

5 emotional symptoms of depression

Answer 3

sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy

Question 4

cognitive symptoms of depression

Answer 4

negative cognitions about self, world and future

Question 5

3 motivational symptoms of depression

Answer 5

loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting anythig

Question 6

4 somatic symptoms of depression

Answer 6

loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss

Question 7

ISG explanatory style

Answer 7

Internalizing, Stabilizing, Globalizing

Question 8

2 key brain regions of interest related to depression

Answer 8

1) limbic system, involved in emotional responses and processing
2) dorsal PFC, involved in concentration and attentional control

Question 9

vulnerability-stress model

Answer 9

assumes (1) that some people are more prone to depression than others, and (2) this predisposition will interact with cognitive and situational factors

Question 10

3 sociocultural influences on mood disorders

Answer 10

1) level of daily stress
2) vulnerability to negative events
3) disrupted social ties

Question 11

antidepressents

Answer 11

• decrease brainstem activity related to arousal
• reduce amygdala activity
• promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus

Question 12

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 12

increase the activity of serotonin at the postsynaptic cell by slowing the rate of reuptake of serotonin molecules into the presynaptic cell

Question 13

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 13

block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 14

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 14

block the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme, which breaks down key neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin

Question 15

cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Answer 15

a form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training and exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid

Question 16

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 16

passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure

Question 17

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 17

a therpeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field

Question 18

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 18

a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain inserting thin electrode-tipped wires and carefully routing them to the targeted brain regions

Question 19

focal lesions

Answer 19

when small areas of brain tissue are surgically destroyed

Question 20

anterior cingulotomy

Answer 20

the removal of cluster of cells in the anterior cingulate cortex, an area which is overactive in some people with depression, OC and anxiety disorder

Question 21

Bipolar disorder

Answer 21

a mood disorder characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation and energy

Question 22

manic symptoms

Answer 22

• mania must last for longer than 1 week, and must include 3 or more of the following symptoms: inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, more talkative, flight of ideas, distractibility

Question 23

mood stabilizers

Answer 23

drugs used to prevent or reduce the severity of mood swings experienced by people with bipolar disorder

Question 24

lithium

Answer 24

a salt compound that was one of the first mood stabilizers; it was the standard drug treatment for depression and bipolar disorder

Question 25

true or false: lithium is not toxic

Answer 25

FALSE: lithium is toxic at higher doses

Question 26

true or false: relapse rate is much higher for bipolar than for depressed patients

Answer 26

true