Psychological Disorders Part 4 Flashcards
major depression
a disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal and cognitive and physical sluggishness
major depression affects almost ___% of Canadians and is twice as common in women
10%
5 emotional symptoms of depression
sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy
cognitive symptoms of depression
negative cognitions about self, world and future
3 motivational symptoms of depression
loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting anythig
4 somatic symptoms of depression
loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss
ISG explanatory style
Internalizing, Stabilizing, Globalizing
2 key brain regions of interest related to depression
1) limbic system, involved in emotional responses and processing
2) dorsal PFC, involved in concentration and attentional control
vulnerability-stress model
assumes (1) that some people are more prone to depression than others, and (2) this predisposition will interact with cognitive and situational factors
3 sociocultural influences on mood disorders
1) level of daily stress
2) vulnerability to negative events
3) disrupted social ties
antidepressents
- decrease brainstem activity related to arousal
- reduce amygdala activity
- promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
increase the activity of serotonin at the postsynaptic cell by slowing the rate of reuptake of serotonin molecules into the presynaptic cell
tricyclic antidepressants
block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
block the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme, which breaks down key neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
a form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training and exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
a therpeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain inserting thin electrode-tipped wires and carefully routing them to the targeted brain regions
focal lesions
when small areas of brain tissue are surgically destroyed
anterior cingulotomy
the removal of cluster of cells in the anterior cingulate cortex, an area which is overactive in some people with depression, OC and anxiety disorder
Bipolar disorder
a mood disorder characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation and energy
manic symptoms
- mania must last for longer than 1 week, and must include 3 or more of the following symptoms: inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, more talkative, flight of ideas, distractibility
mood stabilizers
drugs used to prevent or reduce the severity of mood swings experienced by people with bipolar disorder
lithium
a salt compound that was one of the first mood stabilizers; it was the standard drug treatment for depression and bipolar disorder
true or false: lithium is not toxic
FALSE: lithium is toxic at higher doses
true or false: relapse rate is much higher for bipolar than for depressed patients
true
