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intro psychology > Module 14.1 - Health Psychology > Flashcards

Module 14.1 - Health Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what were the most common causes of death in the early 1900s?

A

influenza, pneumona, tuberculosis, measles, and other contagious diseases

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2
Q

what were the most common causes of death in the 2000s?

A

tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity and inactivity

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3
Q

health psychologists

A

researchers who study both the positive and negative effects that humans behaviour and decisions have on their health, survival and well-being

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4
Q

___% of all deaths in Canada over the past decade were due to smoking-related illnesses

A

21%

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5
Q

life expectancies are __-__ shorter for smokers

A

7-14

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6
Q

tobacco use causes an estimated ______ deaths worldwide each year

A

5 million

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7
Q

4 factors leading to smoking

A

1) family members who smoke
2) culture
3) impulsive personality characteristics
4) socioeconomic status

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8
Q

using psychology to reduce smoking

A
  • bans on smoking in restaurants and many public places
  • steep taxes
  • warning labels
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9
Q

negative consequences associated with obesity

A

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis (degeneration of bone an cartilage material), and some forms of cancer

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10
Q

obesity rates in western countries in 1978 = ___

A

14%

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11
Q

obesity rates in western

countries in 2007 = ____

A

24%

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12
Q

4 obesity causes that aren’t your fault.

A
  • antibiotics given to livestock to fatten them up, and us up
  • livestock are given drugs to fatten them up
  • some antibiotics and artificial sweeteners found in products can lead to obesity
    some artificial sweeteners slow metabolism
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13
Q

set point

A

a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level

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14
Q

sedentary lifestyle

A

watching tv was correlated with obesity

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15
Q

social factors associated with obesity

A
  • family
  • food advertisements
  • branding food packages with licensed characters increases 4-6 year olds taste preferences and snack selection
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16
Q

appetite supressants alone rarely help people permanently lose weight. several other factors influence weight loss such as?

A
  • other genes and body chemicals
  • hormones that regulate hunger
  • receptors in nose, mouth and stomach regulate eating
  • cognitive factors such as conditioning
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17
Q

_____ have one of the highest rates of obesity in the world

A

pima indians

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18
Q

____ have higher rates of obesity (and type II diabetes) than other Canadians

A

Inuit

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19
Q

poverty is associated with reduced control over ones environment because of what 6 factors

A

1) increased risk of heart disease
2) increased rates of depression and anxiety
3) increased stress levels
4) poorer nutrition
5) reduced control over health care options
6) fewer educational opportunities

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20
Q

social contagion

A

the often subtle, unintentional spreading of a behaviour as a result of social interactions

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21
Q

stress

A

a psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed existing resources to meet those demands

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22
Q

stressors

A

an event, item, or experience that causes a stress response

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23
Q

the process of stress

A

1) stressors
2) stress mediators
3) stress responses

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24
Q

appraisal

A

the cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event

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25
6 common stressors
1) work-related problems 2) environment 3) bereavement and loss 4) poverty, powerlessness, and racism 5) recent immigration 6) relationships
26
3 measures of stress
1) physiological measures 2) social measures 3) psychological measures
27
physiological measures of stress
sweating, heart rate, blood pressure
28
galvanic responses
sweating
29
social measures
statistics about violent acts, divorce rates, number of career changes
30
psychological measures
daily "stress diaries" and/or surveys
31
micro stressors or daily hassles
"irritating, frustrating, and distressing demands that, to some degree characterize everyday transactions with the environment"
32
____ can improve performance
stress
33
fight or flight respose
a set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats
34
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
a theory of stress responses involving stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion
35
alarm
recognition of the threat and the physiological reactions that accompany it including increases in blood pressure, muscle tension, heart rate and adrenaline release
36
resistance
when an individual uses his or her physical and mental resources to respond to the stressor in an appropriate way
37
exhaustion
when the stressful experience depletes your physical rsources and you r physiological stress response declines
38
what does exhaustion lead to?
physical problems and eventually to illness
39
two stress pathways
1) autonomic nervous system (ANS) | 2) Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
40
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic branch of the ANS leads to many of our fight or flight responses
41
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
a neural and endocrine circuit that provides communication between the nervous system (the hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands)
42
oxytocin
a stress-snesitve hormone that is typically associated with maternal boning and social relationships
43
_____ reduces activity in the SNS
oxytocin
44
acute stress
- enhances immunity - increased number of lymphocytes and macrophages - dependent on adrenal secretion
45
chronic stress
- suppresses immunity - reduced number of lymphocytes and macrophages - increased HPA activity - increases the severity of common illnesses
46
psychoneuromimmunology
the study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning
47
_______ inhibits activity in the amygdala and prevents the release of both adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol
oxytocin
48
vasopressin
a hormone controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland that also affects the levels of stress hormones released by the adrenal gland
49
coronary heart disease
a condition in which plaques form in the blood vessels that supplies the heart with blood and oxygen, resulting in restricted blood flow
50
______ also influences energy levels and fat storage
stess
51
HIV/AIDS
patients who have elevated activity of the autonomic nervous sytem are slower to respond to antiretroviral therapies
52
cancer
hormones from the autonomic nervous system stimulate cells that reside in tumours
53
type A personality
people who tend to be impatient and worry about time, and are early angered, competitive and highly motivated
54
type B personality
people whoa re more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing, and relaxed disposition
55
in the 1950s, doctors noted that people with type __ personalities tended to develop coronary (heart) problems earlier than type __ personalities
A, B
56
coping
the processes used to manage demands, stress, and conflict
57
2 types of coping
1) problem focused coping | 2) emotion focused coping
58
positive psychology
uses scientific methods to study human strengths and potential
59
4 resources of positive psychology
1) intellectual resources 2) physical resources 3) social resources 4) psychological resources
60
optimism
the tendency to have a favourable, constructive view on situations and to expect positive outcomes
61
pessimism
the tendency to have a negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes
62
pessimistic explanatory style
negative, internal and stable
63
gallows humour
finding humour in seemingly negative situations | - common amongst medical personnel, the armed forces, and police
64
resilience
the ability to effectively recover from illness and adversity
65
post-traumatic growth
the capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative events
66
biofeedback
a therapeutic technique involving the use of physiological recording instruments to provide feedback that increases awareness of bodily rsponses
67
mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
a structured relaxation program based on elements of mindfulness meditation
68
what is the primary goal of MBSR
to help people to cope and to relax by increasing the link between ones body and ones mind
69
what do meditation studies show?
greater left PFC activity in response to negative mood induction
70
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
a protein in the nervous system that promotes survival, growth and the formation of new synapses
71
what does intense exercise lead to?
- increased levels of dopamine - increased levels of epinephrine - brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF)
72
true or false: individuals can tolerate numerous stressors, if they feel like they have control over them
true
73
learned helplessness
an acquired suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances
74
______ determines if stressors are controllable
VMPFC
75
____________ responds to stressors
Dorsal Raphe nucleus (DRN)
76
_______ creates anxiety
randomness
77
compensatory control
psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of non-random order when personal control is compromised

intro psychology (29 decks)

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