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intro psychology > Module 14.1 - Health Psychology > Flashcards

Module 14.1 - Health Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what were the most common causes of death in the early 1900s?

A

influenza, pneumona, tuberculosis, measles, and other contagious diseases

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2
Q

what were the most common causes of death in the 2000s?

A

tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity and inactivity

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3
Q

health psychologists

A

researchers who study both the positive and negative effects that humans behaviour and decisions have on their health, survival and well-being

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4
Q

___% of all deaths in Canada over the past decade were due to smoking-related illnesses

A

21%

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5
Q

life expectancies are __-__ shorter for smokers

A

7-14

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6
Q

tobacco use causes an estimated ______ deaths worldwide each year

A

5 million

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7
Q

4 factors leading to smoking

A

1) family members who smoke
2) culture
3) impulsive personality characteristics
4) socioeconomic status

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8
Q

using psychology to reduce smoking

A
  • bans on smoking in restaurants and many public places
  • steep taxes
  • warning labels
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9
Q

negative consequences associated with obesity

A

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis (degeneration of bone an cartilage material), and some forms of cancer

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10
Q

obesity rates in western countries in 1978 = ___

A

14%

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11
Q

obesity rates in western

countries in 2007 = ____

A

24%

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12
Q

4 obesity causes that aren’t your fault.

A
  • antibiotics given to livestock to fatten them up, and us up
  • livestock are given drugs to fatten them up
  • some antibiotics and artificial sweeteners found in products can lead to obesity
    some artificial sweeteners slow metabolism
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13
Q

set point

A

a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level

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14
Q

sedentary lifestyle

A

watching tv was correlated with obesity

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15
Q

social factors associated with obesity

A
  • family
  • food advertisements
  • branding food packages with licensed characters increases 4-6 year olds taste preferences and snack selection
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16
Q

appetite supressants alone rarely help people permanently lose weight. several other factors influence weight loss such as?

A
  • other genes and body chemicals
  • hormones that regulate hunger
  • receptors in nose, mouth and stomach regulate eating
  • cognitive factors such as conditioning
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17
Q

_____ have one of the highest rates of obesity in the world

A

pima indians

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18
Q

____ have higher rates of obesity (and type II diabetes) than other Canadians

A

Inuit

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19
Q

poverty is associated with reduced control over ones environment because of what 6 factors

A

1) increased risk of heart disease
2) increased rates of depression and anxiety
3) increased stress levels
4) poorer nutrition
5) reduced control over health care options
6) fewer educational opportunities

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20
Q

social contagion

A

the often subtle, unintentional spreading of a behaviour as a result of social interactions

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21
Q

stress

A

a psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed existing resources to meet those demands

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22
Q

stressors

A

an event, item, or experience that causes a stress response

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23
Q

the process of stress

A

1) stressors
2) stress mediators
3) stress responses

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24
Q

appraisal

A

the cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event

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25
Q

6 common stressors

A

1) work-related problems
2) environment
3) bereavement and loss
4) poverty, powerlessness, and racism
5) recent immigration
6) relationships

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26
Q

3 measures of stress

A

1) physiological measures
2) social measures
3) psychological measures

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27
Q

physiological measures of stress

A

sweating, heart rate, blood pressure

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28
Q

galvanic responses

A

sweating

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29
Q

social measures

A

statistics about violent acts, divorce rates, number of career changes

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30
Q

psychological measures

A

daily “stress diaries” and/or surveys

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31
Q

micro stressors or daily hassles

A

“irritating, frustrating, and distressing demands that, to some degree characterize everyday transactions with the environment”

32
Q

____ can improve performance

33
Q

fight or flight respose

A

a set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats

34
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

a theory of stress responses involving stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion

35
Q

alarm

A

recognition of the threat and the physiological reactions that accompany it including increases in blood pressure, muscle tension, heart rate and adrenaline release

36
Q

resistance

A

when an individual uses his or her physical and mental resources to respond to the stressor in an appropriate way

37
Q

exhaustion

A

when the stressful experience depletes your physical rsources and you r physiological stress response declines

38
Q

what does exhaustion lead to?

A

physical problems and eventually to illness

39
Q

two stress pathways

A

1) autonomic nervous system (ANS)

2) Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

40
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic branch of the ANS leads to many of our fight or flight responses

41
Q

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

A

a neural and endocrine circuit that provides communication between the nervous system (the hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands)

42
Q

oxytocin

A

a stress-snesitve hormone that is typically associated with maternal boning and social relationships

43
Q

_____ reduces activity in the SNS

44
Q

acute stress

A
  • enhances immunity
  • increased number of lymphocytes and macrophages
  • dependent on adrenal secretion
45
Q

chronic stress

A
  • suppresses immunity
  • reduced number of lymphocytes and macrophages
  • increased HPA activity
  • increases the severity of common illnesses
46
Q

psychoneuromimmunology

A

the study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning

47
Q

_______ inhibits activity in the amygdala and prevents the release of both adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol

48
Q

vasopressin

A

a hormone controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland that also affects the levels of stress hormones released by the adrenal gland

49
Q

coronary heart disease

A

a condition in which plaques form in the blood vessels that supplies the heart with blood and oxygen, resulting in restricted blood flow

50
Q

______ also influences energy levels and fat storage

51
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

patients who have elevated activity of the autonomic nervous sytem are slower to respond to antiretroviral therapies

52
Q

cancer

A

hormones from the autonomic nervous system stimulate cells that reside in tumours

53
Q

type A personality

A

people who tend to be impatient and worry about time, and are early angered, competitive and highly motivated

54
Q

type B personality

A

people whoa re more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing, and relaxed disposition

55
Q

in the 1950s, doctors noted that people with type __ personalities tended to develop coronary (heart) problems earlier than type __ personalities

56
Q

coping

A

the processes used to manage demands, stress, and conflict

57
Q

2 types of coping

A

1) problem focused coping

2) emotion focused coping

58
Q

positive psychology

A

uses scientific methods to study human strengths and potential

59
Q

4 resources of positive psychology

A

1) intellectual resources
2) physical resources
3) social resources
4) psychological resources

60
Q

optimism

A

the tendency to have a favourable, constructive view on situations and to expect positive outcomes

61
Q

pessimism

A

the tendency to have a negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes

62
Q

pessimistic explanatory style

A

negative, internal and stable

63
Q

gallows humour

A

finding humour in seemingly negative situations

- common amongst medical personnel, the armed forces, and police

64
Q

resilience

A

the ability to effectively recover from illness and adversity

65
Q

post-traumatic growth

A

the capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative events

66
Q

biofeedback

A

a therapeutic technique involving the use of physiological recording instruments to provide feedback that increases awareness of bodily rsponses

67
Q

mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

A

a structured relaxation program based on elements of mindfulness meditation

68
Q

what is the primary goal of MBSR

A

to help people to cope and to relax by increasing the link between ones body and ones mind

69
Q

what do meditation studies show?

A

greater left PFC activity in response to negative mood induction

70
Q

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

a protein in the nervous system that promotes survival, growth and the formation of new synapses

71
Q

what does intense exercise lead to?

A
  • increased levels of dopamine
  • increased levels of epinephrine
  • brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF)
72
Q

true or false: individuals can tolerate numerous stressors, if they feel like they have control over them

73
Q

learned helplessness

A

an acquired suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances

74
Q

______ determines if stressors are controllable

75
Q

____________ responds to stressors

A

Dorsal Raphe nucleus (DRN)

76
Q

_______ creates anxiety

A

randomness

77
Q

compensatory control

A

psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of non-random order when personal control is compromised

intro psychology (29 decks)

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