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intro psychology > Module 6.1 - Classical Conditioning > Flashcards

Module 6.1 - Classical Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of expreience

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of learning?

A

cognitive and associative

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3
Q

ivan pavlov

A

physiologist who won a Nobel Prize for his research on digestion

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4
Q

psychological reflex

A

the sight of food producing salivation

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5
Q

what response did pavlov call psychic secretion?

A

the dogs sight of food produced salivation

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6
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus

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7
Q

another name for classical conditioning?

A

pavlovian conditioning

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8
Q

what are the 5 element of classical conditioning?

A

1) unconditioned stimulus (US)
2) unconditioned response (UR)
3) Neutral Stimulus
4) Conditioned stimulus (CS)
5) Conditioned Response (CR)

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

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10
Q

unconditioned response

A

a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

give 3 examples of unconditioned responses

A

salivation, flinching, blinking

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12
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not normally elicit a reflexive response

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13
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

conditioned response

A

the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

the conditioned stimulus must elicit a conditioned response in the absence of the __________ (e.g., food) for the conditioning to have occurred

A

unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

true or false: during conditioning, weak synapses fire at the same time as related strong synapses

A

true

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17
Q

what does the simultaneous activity of the weak and strong synapses do?

A

strengthens the connections in the weaker synapse

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18
Q

what is the US, UR, NS, CS, and CR for: The TV commercial for mega burger shows a big delicious cheeseburger. a 50’s rock and roll song is played during the commercial. you see the commercial several times, and now when the song is playing on the radio, you get hungry

A

unconditioned stimulus: cheeseburger

unconditioned response: hunger

neutral stimulus: song

conditioned stimulus: song

conditioned response: hunger

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19
Q

what is the initial phase of learning in which a response is established (e.g., salivating in response to a tone)

A

Acquisition

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20
Q

conditioned ______ helps predict that the unconditioned stimulus will appear

A

conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

what will be acquired more quickly when the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus

A

the conditioned response

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22
Q

what makes acquisition stronger?

A

if the CS and US are consistently present close together in time

23
Q

what are the 2 stages of conditioning?

A

1) extinction

2) spontaneous recovery

24
Q

extinction

A

the loss or weakening of a CR when a CS and US no longer occur together

25
Q

what is an example of extinction?

A

if the tone is no longer a reliable predictor of food, then salivation becomes unnecessary

26
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction

27
Q

what are the 2 processes of conditioning?

A

1) stimulus generalization

2) stimulus discrimination

28
Q

stimulus generalization

A

a process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to different, though similar, stimuli

29
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

30
Q

when does stimulus discrimination often occur?

A

when similar stimuli are NOT paired with US

31
Q

phobia

A

when fear of an object or situation becomes irrational and interferes with normal activities

32
Q

true or false: all phobias occur naturally

A

FALSE: some phobias occur naturally (possibly due to genetics); however, many fears are learned through experience

33
Q

little albert

A

infant with no fear of animals, however, when researcher made a loud noise (UCS) behind his head, he would jump (UCR).

34
Q

who paired the loud noise (US) with the appearance of the animal (CS)? (little albert)

A

john watson and rosalie rayner

35
Q

conditioned emotional responses

A

emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

36
Q

preparedness

A

the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

37
Q

the _____ is involved in fear conditioning

A

amygdala

38
Q

contextual fear conditioning

A

learning to fear a location (e.g., cage where a shock occurred)

39
Q

contextual fear conditioning involves the ______

A

hippocampus

40
Q

conditioned taste aversions

A

an acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness

41
Q

true or false: there is a decreased reward response in the brain with conditioned taste aversions

A

true

42
Q

what were the 2 types of tubes that rats were presented to sip water from?

A

1) associated with lights and sound

2) associated with a flavour

43
Q

what were the rats injected with to make them sick (US)?

A

lithium chloride

44
Q

which association of tube for water would the rats show a larger learned aversion for?

A

water tube associated with flavour

45
Q

garcia effect

A

taste produces stronger aversive conditioning than sights and sounds - a single exposure is often enough

46
Q

latent inhibition

A

when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

47
Q

the paradox of diet beverages

A

our bodies associate sweet tastes with an impending intake of calories. diet beverages trigger our sweet, but don’t deliver the calories so or bodies respond by sending out a hunger message

48
Q

drug paraphernalia and settings serve as a ________ for the ‘high’ of a drug (CR)

A

conditioned stimulus

49
Q

conditioned drug tolerance

A

physiological responses preparing our body for the drug to start to occur prior to the intake of the drug

50
Q

in humans, ________ can sometimes become associated with sexual responses (UR), which in turn can lead to fetishes

A

neutral stimuli (e.g., boots)

51
Q

what are advertising techniques based on?

A

classical conditioning

52
Q

evaluative conditioning

A

pairing motional stimuli (e.g., attractive people) with a target in order to influence peoples perceptions and attitudes toward that target

53
Q

what 4 things do attack ads usually involve?

A

1) black and white, grainy images that are frustrating to look at
2) images that allow you to judge/mock the target
3) images of the politician making an angry face
4) an angry narrator whose voice elicits autonomic responses

intro psychology (29 decks)

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