Module 6.1 - Classical Conditioning Flashcards
learning
a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of expreience
what are the 2 types of learning?
cognitive and associative
ivan pavlov
physiologist who won a Nobel Prize for his research on digestion
psychological reflex
the sight of food producing salivation
what response did pavlov call psychic secretion?
the dogs sight of food produced salivation
classical conditioning
learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus
another name for classical conditioning?
pavlovian conditioning
what are the 5 element of classical conditioning?
1) unconditioned stimulus (US)
2) unconditioned response (UR)
3) Neutral Stimulus
4) Conditioned stimulus (CS)
5) Conditioned Response (CR)
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning
unconditioned response
a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
give 3 examples of unconditioned responses
salivation, flinching, blinking
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that does not normally elicit a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus
a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus
the conditioned stimulus must elicit a conditioned response in the absence of the __________ (e.g., food) for the conditioning to have occurred
unconditioned stimulus
true or false: during conditioning, weak synapses fire at the same time as related strong synapses
true
what does the simultaneous activity of the weak and strong synapses do?
strengthens the connections in the weaker synapse
what is the US, UR, NS, CS, and CR for: The TV commercial for mega burger shows a big delicious cheeseburger. a 50’s rock and roll song is played during the commercial. you see the commercial several times, and now when the song is playing on the radio, you get hungry
unconditioned stimulus: cheeseburger
unconditioned response: hunger
neutral stimulus: song
conditioned stimulus: song
conditioned response: hunger
what is the initial phase of learning in which a response is established (e.g., salivating in response to a tone)
Acquisition
conditioned ______ helps predict that the unconditioned stimulus will appear
conditioned stimulus
what will be acquired more quickly when the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus
the conditioned response
what makes acquisition stronger?
if the CS and US are consistently present close together in time
what are the 2 stages of conditioning?
1) extinction
2) spontaneous recovery
extinction
the loss or weakening of a CR when a CS and US no longer occur together
what is an example of extinction?
if the tone is no longer a reliable predictor of food, then salivation becomes unnecessary
spontaneous recovery
the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction
what are the 2 processes of conditioning?
1) stimulus generalization
2) stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
a process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to different, though similar, stimuli
stimulus discrimination
when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
when does stimulus discrimination often occur?
when similar stimuli are NOT paired with US
phobia
when fear of an object or situation becomes irrational and interferes with normal activities
true or false: all phobias occur naturally
FALSE: some phobias occur naturally (possibly due to genetics); however, many fears are learned through experience
little albert
infant with no fear of animals, however, when researcher made a loud noise (UCS) behind his head, he would jump (UCR).
who paired the loud noise (US) with the appearance of the animal (CS)? (little albert)
john watson and rosalie rayner
conditioned emotional responses
emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation
preparedness
the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli
the _____ is involved in fear conditioning
amygdala
contextual fear conditioning
learning to fear a location (e.g., cage where a shock occurred)
contextual fear conditioning involves the ______
hippocampus
conditioned taste aversions
an acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness
true or false: there is a decreased reward response in the brain with conditioned taste aversions
true
what were the 2 types of tubes that rats were presented to sip water from?
1) associated with lights and sound
2) associated with a flavour
what were the rats injected with to make them sick (US)?
lithium chloride
which association of tube for water would the rats show a larger learned aversion for?
water tube associated with flavour
garcia effect
taste produces stronger aversive conditioning than sights and sounds - a single exposure is often enough
latent inhibition
when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness
the paradox of diet beverages
our bodies associate sweet tastes with an impending intake of calories. diet beverages trigger our sweet, but don’t deliver the calories so or bodies respond by sending out a hunger message
drug paraphernalia and settings serve as a ________ for the ‘high’ of a drug (CR)
conditioned stimulus
conditioned drug tolerance
physiological responses preparing our body for the drug to start to occur prior to the intake of the drug
in humans, ________ can sometimes become associated with sexual responses (UR), which in turn can lead to fetishes
neutral stimuli (e.g., boots)
what are advertising techniques based on?
classical conditioning
evaluative conditioning
pairing motional stimuli (e.g., attractive people) with a target in order to influence peoples perceptions and attitudes toward that target
what 4 things do attack ads usually involve?
1) black and white, grainy images that are frustrating to look at
2) images that allow you to judge/mock the target
3) images of the politician making an angry face
4) an angry narrator whose voice elicits autonomic responses
