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intro psychology > Chapter 13 - part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology examines?

A
  • the influence of the
    social and cultural environment on the actions of individuals and groups
  • the conditions under which people conform or dissent
  • social and cultural reasons for prejudice and conflict between groups
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2
Q

what are the 2 parts of social cognition?

A

1) how others affect you

2) how you affect others

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3
Q

how others affect you

A

an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception and other cognitive processes

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4
Q

how you affect others

A

researchers are interested in how peoples perceptions of themselves and others affect their relationships, thoughts, beliefs and values

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5
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behaviour by attributing causes of that behaviour to a situation or disposition

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6
Q

internal attribution

A

explanations based on an individuals perceived stable characteristics, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities

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7
Q

internal attributions are called?

A

dispositional

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8
Q

external attributions

A

explanations based on the current situation and events that would influence all people

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9
Q

external attributions are called?

A

situational

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10
Q

what are the 3 sources of information when we make an internal external attribution that Harnl Kelley proposed?

A

1) consensus information
2) consistency information
3) distinctiveness

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11
Q

consensus information

A

how one individuals behaviour compares with other peoples

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12
Q

consistency information

A

how the persons behaviour varies over time

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13
Q

distinctiveness

A

how the persons behaviour varies between situations

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14
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency in explaining others behaviours to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational influence

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15
Q

what are the 3 biased attributions?

A

1) self-serving bias
2) group-serving bias
3) just-world hypothesis

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16
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency, in explaining own behaviour, to take credit for ones good actions and rationalize ones mistakes. this optimizes our perception of ourselves

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17
Q

self-handicapping

A

we intentionally put ourselves at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for an expected defeat or failure

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18
Q

group-serving bias

A

the tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we belong

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19
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

the notion that many people need to believe that there world is fair and that justice is served

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20
Q

attitudes

A

a relatively stable opinion containing beliefs and emotional feelings about a topic

21
Q

what are the 3 components of attitudes?

A

1) evaluative/emotional component
2) cognitive component
3) behavioural component

22
Q

where do attitudes come from? (3)

A

1) emotionally based attitudes
2) cognitively based attitudes
3) behaviourally based attitudes

23
Q

emotionally based attitudes

A

based on value, such as religious beliefs and you family moral beliefs

24
Q

cognitively based attitudes

A

based on an analysis of the relevant facts

25
Q

behaviourally based attitudes

A

attitudes that are based on observations of how we behave toward an attitude object

26
Q

explicit attitudes

A

we are aware of them they shape conscious decisions

27
Q

implicit attitudes

A

we are unaware of them they may influence our behaviour in ways we do not recognize

28
Q

what are the 3 factors influencing attitude change?

A

1) change in social environment
2) change in behaviours
3) due to a need for consistency

29
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

a state of tension that exist when an individual realizes that he or she holds contradictory attitudes on an issue, or has exhibited behaviour that is inconsistent with an expressed attitude

30
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

an individuals behaviour can chance his or her attitudes

31
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

an individuals behaviour can change his or her attitudes

32
Q

festinger and carlsmith classic experiment

A

experiment on motor behaviour: take peg out of a board, rotate it a quarter turn, place back in board. do this for an hour the experimenter records stuff. after finishing the study, participants were “hired as an assistant” to tell the next group of subjects. participants were paid $1 or $20. all participants then completed a survey (rating the peg-task on a scale from -5 to 5)

33
Q

2 broad categories of persuasive messages?

A

1) do what is asked of you to make something good happen

2) do what is asked of you and prevent something bad from happening

34
Q

what is an example of “do what is asked of you to make something good happen”?

A

buy this pill to be happier. buy this car to look young and cooler

35
Q

what is an example of “do what is asked of you and prevent something bad from happening?”

A

“stop smoking” campaigns

36
Q

what are the 2 audience variables in persuasion?

A

1) person variables

2) situation variables

37
Q

validity effect

A

the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid imply because it has been repeated or shown many times

38
Q

foot in the door technique

A

a modest request is followed by a larger ne

39
Q

door in the face technique

A

an outrageous initial request is followed by a more reasonable one

40
Q

bait and switch technique

A

a very favourable deal is followed by additional demands after a commitment has been made

41
Q

thats not all technique

A

the offer is improved before any reply is given

42
Q

true or false: persuasion can be used t convince people to abandon previous beliefs, sometimes with scary consequences

A

true: examples: jonestown, guyaa, waco texas, order of the solar temple

43
Q

norms

A

rules that establish expected behaviour

44
Q

conformity

A

the maintenance or alteration of ones behaviour to match the behaviour and expectations of others

45
Q

groupthink

A

in close knit groups, the tendency is for all members to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement

46
Q

what are the 4 symptoms of groupthink?

A

1) an illusion of invulnerability
2) self censorship
3) pressure on dissenters to conform
4) an illusion of unanimity

47
Q

how can groupthink be counteracted?

A

if people create conditions that reward the expression of doubt and dissent, and make decision based on majority rule rather than unanimity

48
Q

true or false: the auto kinetic effect is an optical illusion

A

true

intro psychology (29 decks)

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