Module 7.2 - Encoding and Retrieving Memories Flashcards
storage
the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval
maintenance rehearsal
prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
elaborative rehearsal
prolonging exposure to information by thinking about meaning
levels of processing
retrieval ability is directly related to how the information was initially encoded
what are the 2 levels of processing?
shallow processing and deep processing
how can you improve your level of processing?
SPAR method
SPAR method
Survey
Process meaningfully
Ask Questions
Review
self-reference effect
a form of deep processing in which information is thought about in terms of how it relates to you
recall
retrieving information without the information being present during the retrieval process
recognition
identifying a previously displaying stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you
what percent accuracy was there with recognition memory when researchers showed participants 2500 images and later asked participants to identify the images they have seen ?
90% accuracy
recall is helped by the ______
retrieval cues
encoding specificity principle
retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding
why were similar effects found for: the smell of a viking museum in York, the flavour of bubble gum and background noise levels?
linked with increased activity in the hippocampus and right PFC
a study involving stimulated crime showed increases in what 2 things in the context-congruent condition?
increase accuracy and increased false alarms
context dependent memory extends to ____states as well
internal
state-dependent memory
memory is superior when internal states (e.g., drunk) are similar for encoding and retrieval
mood-congruent memory
superior memory when ones mood is similar for encoding and retrieval
true or false: emotional events are better remembered than neutral events
only partially true
yerkes-dodson law
a moderate amount of stress or emotion helps memory. too much or too little emotion impairs memory
weapon focus
the tendency to focus on the weapon at the expense of peripheral information… including the identity of the person holding the weapon
weapon focus doesn’t occur in who?
patients with amygdala damage
true or false: emotion has a larger effect on delayed vs immediate recall
true
flashbulb memory
an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
wht are the 4 reasons why we forget things?
1) poor encoding
2) some memory decays due to lack of use
3) proactive interference
4) retroactive interference
mnemonic
a technique intended to improve memory for specific information
method of loci
a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
acronym mnemonics
pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items
first-letter technique
uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence
dual coding
when information is stored in more than one form - such as verbal description and a visual image
dual coding is related to what?
levels of processing
desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering
what are 3 desirable difficulties?
1) spacing out studying rather than cramming
2) studying material in varying orders
3) taking practice tests
