Module 7.2 - Encoding and Retrieving Memories

Question 1

storage

Answer 1

the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval

Question 2

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 2

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

Question 3

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 3

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about meaning

Question 4

levels of processing

Answer 4

retrieval ability is directly related to how the information was initially encoded

Question 5

what are the 2 levels of processing?

Answer 5

shallow processing and deep processing

Question 6

how can you improve your level of processing?

Answer 6

SPAR method

Question 7

SPAR method

Answer 7

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Question 8

self-reference effect

Answer 8

a form of deep processing in which information is thought about in terms of how it relates to you

Question 9

recall

Answer 9

retrieving information without the information being present during the retrieval process

Question 10

recognition

Answer 10

identifying a previously displaying stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you

Question 11

what percent accuracy was there with recognition memory when researchers showed participants 2500 images and later asked participants to identify the images they have seen ?

Answer 11

90% accuracy

Question 12

recall is helped by the ______

Answer 12

retrieval cues

Question 13

encoding specificity principle

Answer 13

retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding

Question 14

why were similar effects found for: the smell of a viking museum in York, the flavour of bubble gum and background noise levels?

Answer 14

linked with increased activity in the hippocampus and right PFC

Question 15

a study involving stimulated crime showed increases in what 2 things in the context-congruent condition?

Answer 15

increase accuracy and increased false alarms

Question 16

context dependent memory extends to ____states as well

Answer 16

internal

Question 17

state-dependent memory

Answer 17

memory is superior when internal states (e.g., drunk) are similar for encoding and retrieval

Question 18

mood-congruent memory

Answer 18

superior memory when ones mood is similar for encoding and retrieval

Question 19

true or false: emotional events are better remembered than neutral events

Answer 19

only partially true

Question 20

yerkes-dodson law

Answer 20

a moderate amount of stress or emotion helps memory. too much or too little emotion impairs memory

Question 21

weapon focus

Answer 21

the tendency to focus on the weapon at the expense of peripheral information… including the identity of the person holding the weapon

Question 22

weapon focus doesn’t occur in who?

Answer 22

patients with amygdala damage

Question 23

true or false: emotion has a larger effect on delayed vs immediate recall

Answer 23

true

Question 24

flashbulb memory

Answer 24

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

Question 25

wht are the 4 reasons why we forget things?

Answer 25

1) poor encoding
2) some memory decays due to lack of use
3) proactive interference
4) retroactive interference

Question 26

mnemonic

Answer 26

a technique intended to improve memory for specific information

Question 27

method of loci

Answer 27

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Question 28

acronym mnemonics

Answer 28

pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items

Question 29

first-letter technique

Answer 29

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

Question 30

dual coding

Answer 30

when information is stored in more than one form - such as verbal description and a visual image

Question 31

dual coding is related to what?

Answer 31

levels of processing

Question 32

desirable difficulties

Answer 32

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering

Question 33

what are 3 desirable difficulties?

Answer 33

1) spacing out studying rather than cramming
2) studying material in varying orders
3) taking practice tests