Chapter 10 - Lifespan Development Flashcards
where are eggs fertilized??
fallopian tubes
within 6 days of eggs fertilizing in the fallopian tubes, the resulting zygote becomes a ______ and is implanted along the lining of the uterus
blastocyte
what are the 3 phases on prenatal development?
Germinal: 0 to 2 weeks
Embryonic: 2 to 8 weeks
Fetal Stage: 8 weeks to birth
what happens during the germinal phase of prenatal development?
migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian times and its implantation in the uterus. cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system and skin tissues.
what happens during the embryonic phase of prenatal development?
basic cell layers become differentiated. Major structures such as the head, heart, limbs, hands, and feet emerge. The embryo attaches to the placenta, the structure that allows for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes
what happens during the fetal stage of prenatal development?
brain development progresses as distinct regions take form. The Circulatory, respiratory, digestive and other bodily systems develop. sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation
by 3 months the ______ hemispheres have formed.
cerebral
at 40 weeks, the brain has almost _______ neurons and a convoluted (folded) cortex
100 billion neurons
preterm infants
infant born earlier than 36 weeks
why do preterm infants have immediate challenges such as breathing on their own and maintaining an appropriate body temperature?
because they have underdeveloped brains and lungs
what is the survival rate for 30-week infants?
95%
what is the survival rate for 25-week infants?
50%
Newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program (NIDCAP)
a behaviourally based intervention in which preterm infants are closely observed and given intensive care during early development (minimal lights, sound levels and stress)
kangaroo care
skin-to-skin contact between babies and caregivers
teratogens
substances, such as drugs or environmental toxins, that impair the process of development
20,000 canadians from 1959-1962 were harmed by the anti-nausea drug ______
thalidomide
what does phocomelia mean?
seal limb
what are 4 agents that cross the placenta?
1) german measles
2) x rays and other radiation, toxic chemicals
3) cigarette smoking
4) recreational drugs
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
abnormalities in mental functioning, growth and facial development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy
what are 4 key features of children with FAS?
1) smaller brains
2) facial deformities
3) coordination problems
4) developmentally delayed
what is the leading cause of non-hereditary mental retardation?
FAS
___% of canadian women reported consuming some alcohol during their pregnancy
25%
FAS is thought to affect __-__ babies in every 1000 live births
1-3
reflexes
involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
rooting
stimulation of the corner of the mouth causes the infant to orient herself toward the stimulation and begin sucking motions
swallowing
an infant can swallow, though this reflex is not yet well coordinated with ‘mouth breathing’
moro or startle
when infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a protective motion
babinski
in response to a touch on the bottom of the foot, the infants toes will splay outward and then curl in
grasping
when an infant palm is stimulated, she will grasp the stimulating object; this facilitates holding on to the caregiver
stepping
if held so that the feet just touch the ground, an infant will show “walking” movements, alternating the feet in steps
synaptogenesis
the forming of new synaptic connections
synaptic pruning
the loss of weak nerve cell connections
what is an infants visual range?
8 inches
true or false: infants cannot hear and smell, but they can touch
FALSE: infants can hear, touch and smell
which infant experience fear of the visual cliff?
only infants with experience crawling
what shows that newborns are inherently social creatures?
that many sensory and motor abilities are learned through imitation
what do jamaican mothers expect of their babies earlier than british or indian mothers?
to walk
who proposed a theory in the 1920s, of cognitive development to explain why children of different ages have different abilities
Piaget
cognitive development
the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan
assimilation
people fit new information into the belief systems they already possess (mental schemas)
accomodation
a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience (u.e. you must modify your schemas)
sensorimotor stage
from birth to 2 years, during which infants think about and explore the world based on immediate sensory and motor experiences
purposeful movements
specific movements will produce specific results
object permanence
the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived
preoperational stage
2-7 years
- a stage is devoted to language development, using symbols, pretend play and mastering the concept of conservation
scale errors
interacting with dolls and toys as if they were the real thing
when does scale errors disseappear
around age 2.5
conservation
the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object
conservation of substance
- 2 identical balls
- 1 is deformed
- “do the 2 pieces have the same amount of clay?”
conservation of number
- 2 identical rows of pennies
- one row is rearranged
- “do the 2 rows have the same number of pennies?”
concrete operations stage
- ages 7-12
- when children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers
during which stage do children learn mental operations and to categorize things?
concrete operations stage
formal operations stage
- 11 to adulthood
- involves the development of advances cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
- thinking about the future
what are the 4 revisions to Piaget?
1) preschoolers are to as egocentric as Piaget thought
2) development depends on culture and education
3) abilities don’t develop in discrete stages; develop in more continuous
4) children understand much more than Piaget thought
core knowledge hypothesis
infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key elements of their environment
how is the core knowledge hypothesis tested?
by observing habituation and dishabituation
zone of proximal development
development is ideal when a child attempts skills and activities that are just beyond what he or she can do alone, but the child has guidance from adults who are attentive to his or her progress
scaffolding
when the teacher matches his or her guidance to the learner or students needs
attachment
an enduring emotional bond formed between individuals
contact comfort
in priamtes, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant first attachment
separation anxiety
the distress that most children develop, at about 6-8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers
strange situation test
a parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a lab to test the security of a childs attachmnt
what 2 aspects of the childs behaviour are observed in a strange situation test?
1) the amount of exploration the child engages in throughout the time Mom is away
2) the childs reactions to the departure and return of its caregiver
what are the types of attachment?
1) secure
2) insecure avoidant
3) insecure anxious
secure attachment
- cry or protest if the parent leaves the room
- welcomes her back and then play happily again
- clearly more attached to the mother than to the stranger
insecure avoidant attachment
- not caring if the mother leaves the room
- making little effort to seek contact with her on her return
- treating the stranger about the same as the mother
insecure anxious attachment
- resisting contact with the mother at reunion but protesting loudly if she leaves
- anxious or ambivalent babies may cry to be picked up and then demand to be put down
- may behave as if angry and resist her efforts to comfort them
what are 4 causers of insecure attachment?
1) abandonment and deprivation in the first 2 years of life
2) parenting that is truly abusive, neglectful or erratic
3) childs genetically influence temperament
4) stressful circumstances in the family
egocentric
perceiving and interpreting the world in terms of the self
theory of mind
the ability to recognize the thoughts, beliefs and expectations of others, and to understand that these can be different from ones own
location-change tasks
- an object is placed in location A and unbeknownst to the 3rd party, the position is switched to an alternate location
- the participant must indicate where the 3rd party would look for the object
gender identity
the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is dependent of whether the person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender
gender typing
process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits. and behaviours associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture
what are the 2 types of influences on gender development?
1) biological and cognitive influences
2) learning factors
adolescnce
the period of life from puberty to adulthood
puberty
the physical transition from childhood to adolescence, culminating in reproductive maturity
primary sex traits
changes in the body that are part of reproduction
secondary sex traits
changes in the body that are not part of reproduction
menarche
the onset of menstruation
spermarche
a boys first ejaculation of sperm
the onset of puberty depends on _____ and ______ factors
genetic and environmental
true or false: body fat triggers hormonal changes that can cause an earlier onset of puberty
true
what is the average age of menarche in north america?
12.5
what is the average age of menarche in europe?
13
what is the average age of menarche in africa?
14-17 (depending on region)
what are some traits of early maturing boys
have more positive views of their bodies and are more likely to smoke, binge drink and break the law
what are some traits of early maturing females
usually socially popular but also regarded by peer group as precocious and sexually active
are early or late maturing adolescence more likely to fight with parents, drop out of school and have a negative body image?
early maturing
delay of gratification
putting off immediate temptations in order to focus on longer-term goals
where do changes primarily occur during adolescent brain development
prefrontal cortex
what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
impulse control and planning
what are kohl bergs 3 stages of moral reasoning?
1) pre conventional morality
2) conventional morality
3) post conventional morality
pre conventional morality
characterized by self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment. considered a very basic and egocentric form of moral reasoning
conventional morality
regards social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate moral behaviour. directives from parents, teachers and the law are used as guidelines for moral behaviour
post conventional morality
considers rules and laws as relative. right and wrong are determined by more abstract principles of justice and rights
what 3 things does kohl bergs theory overlook?
educational, situational and cultural influences
social intuitionist model
moral judgements are guided by intuitive, emotional reactions; we then construct an argument that supports our reaction
identity
a clear sense of what kind of person you are, what types of people you belong with, and what roles you should play in society
identity crisis
curiosity, questioning and exploration of different identities
identity statuses
the processes and outcomes of identity development that include elements of both crisis and personal commitment
identity achievement
look in textbook
identity diffusion
refusal to commit to one identity
identity foreclosure
committing to identities handed down by parents
identity moratorium
not committing to an identity
in childhood what are friends defined as?
people you play with
in adolescence what are friends defined as?
people you trust
from ages 6-12 is gender or ethnicity/wealth more important?
gender
what are male friendships focused on?
competition and dominance
what do female friendships focus on?
agreement, compliance and self-disclosure
individualization
the process of developing own opinions, values, and styles of dress and look
what do fights with parents represent?
a shift from one-sided parental authority to a more reciprocal adult relationship
what are Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development?
1) infancy: trust vs. mistrust
2) toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3) preschool/early childhood: initiative vs. guilt
4) childhood: industry vs. inferiority
5) adolescence: identitiy vs. role confusion
6) young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
7) adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
8) aging: ego integrity vs. despair
infancy: trust vs. mistrust
developing a sense of trust and security toward caregivers
toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
seeking independence and gaining self-sufficiency
preschool/early childhood: initiative vs. guilt
active exploration of the environment and taking personal initiative
childhood: industry vs. inferiority
striving to master tasks and challenges of childhood, particularly those faced in school. child begins pursuing unique interests
adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
achieving a sense of self and future direction
young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
developing the ability to initiate and maintain intimate relationships
adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
the focus is on satisfying personal and family needs, as well as contributing to society
aging: ego integrity vs. despair
coping with the prospect of death while looking back on life with a sense of contentment and integrity for accomplishments
emerging adulthood (18-25)
phase of life distinctly different from adolescent and adulthood
- in some ways an adult, in some ways not
young adulthood
a stage ranging from 25ish to 40ish with a focus on education, relationship and careers
generativity
being engaged in meaningful and productive work, as well as making contributions to future generations
what is the neuronal loss from age 20 to 80
- prefrontal cortex = 17%
- thalamus = 22%
- basal ganglia = 21%
alzheimers disease symptoms
affects orientation to place and time, memory, language, movement, attention, visual perception, problem solving and social functioning
what % of north americans aged 65-74 are affected by alzheimers?
3%
what % of north americans aged 85+ are affected by Alzheimers?
50%
why is alzheimers becoming more common?
because people are living longer
how long do people live after the onset of alzheimers?
8-10 years on average
memory deficits of alzheimers
- severe encoding deficit
- patients don’t take advantage of contextual or semantic info to improve encoding (i.e.. loss of encoding strategies)
- faster than normal loss of new info
what is an early sign of alzheimers?
people being able to name an objects function without being able to name the object
true or false: recent memories are preserved better than older memories for alzheimers patients
FALSE: older memories are preserved better than newer memories for alzheimers patients
what are symptoms of alzheimers caused by?
the formation of neurofibrils (tangles) and amyloid plaques in the brain
what do the tangles and plaques in the brain prevent?
prevent neurons from receiving nutrient and cause the neurons to wither up and die
is the cause of alzheimers known?
no but there is a genetic link
fluid intelligence
the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new info to solve problems
- relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age
crystallized intelligence
cognitive skills and specific knowledge of info acquired over a lifetime; it depends heavily on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime
