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intro psychology > Chapter 10 - Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

where are eggs fertilized??

A

fallopian tubes

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2
Q

within 6 days of eggs fertilizing in the fallopian tubes, the resulting zygote becomes a ______ and is implanted along the lining of the uterus

A

blastocyte

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3
Q

what are the 3 phases on prenatal development?

A

Germinal: 0 to 2 weeks
Embryonic: 2 to 8 weeks
Fetal Stage: 8 weeks to birth

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4
Q

what happens during the germinal phase of prenatal development?

A

migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian times and its implantation in the uterus. cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system and skin tissues.

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5
Q

what happens during the embryonic phase of prenatal development?

A

basic cell layers become differentiated. Major structures such as the head, heart, limbs, hands, and feet emerge. The embryo attaches to the placenta, the structure that allows for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes

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6
Q

what happens during the fetal stage of prenatal development?

A

brain development progresses as distinct regions take form. The Circulatory, respiratory, digestive and other bodily systems develop. sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation

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7
Q

by 3 months the ______ hemispheres have formed.

A

cerebral

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8
Q

at 40 weeks, the brain has almost _______ neurons and a convoluted (folded) cortex

A

100 billion neurons

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9
Q

preterm infants

A

infant born earlier than 36 weeks

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10
Q

why do preterm infants have immediate challenges such as breathing on their own and maintaining an appropriate body temperature?

A

because they have underdeveloped brains and lungs

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11
Q

what is the survival rate for 30-week infants?

A

95%

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12
Q

what is the survival rate for 25-week infants?

A

50%

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13
Q

Newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program (NIDCAP)

A

a behaviourally based intervention in which preterm infants are closely observed and given intensive care during early development (minimal lights, sound levels and stress)

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14
Q

kangaroo care

A

skin-to-skin contact between babies and caregivers

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15
Q

teratogens

A

substances, such as drugs or environmental toxins, that impair the process of development

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16
Q

20,000 canadians from 1959-1962 were harmed by the anti-nausea drug ______

A

thalidomide

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17
Q

what does phocomelia mean?

A

seal limb

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18
Q

what are 4 agents that cross the placenta?

A

1) german measles
2) x rays and other radiation, toxic chemicals
3) cigarette smoking
4) recreational drugs

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19
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

abnormalities in mental functioning, growth and facial development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy

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20
Q

what are 4 key features of children with FAS?

A

1) smaller brains
2) facial deformities
3) coordination problems
4) developmentally delayed

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21
Q

what is the leading cause of non-hereditary mental retardation?

A

FAS

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22
Q

___% of canadian women reported consuming some alcohol during their pregnancy

A

25%

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23
Q

FAS is thought to affect __-__ babies in every 1000 live births

A

1-3

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24
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation

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25
Q

rooting

A

stimulation of the corner of the mouth causes the infant to orient herself toward the stimulation and begin sucking motions

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26
Q

swallowing

A

an infant can swallow, though this reflex is not yet well coordinated with ‘mouth breathing’

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27
Q

moro or startle

A

when infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a protective motion

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28
Q

babinski

A

in response to a touch on the bottom of the foot, the infants toes will splay outward and then curl in

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29
Q

grasping

A

when an infant palm is stimulated, she will grasp the stimulating object; this facilitates holding on to the caregiver

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30
Q

stepping

A

if held so that the feet just touch the ground, an infant will show “walking” movements, alternating the feet in steps

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31
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the forming of new synaptic connections

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32
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the loss of weak nerve cell connections

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33
Q

what is an infants visual range?

A

8 inches

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34
Q

true or false: infants cannot hear and smell, but they can touch

A

FALSE: infants can hear, touch and smell

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35
Q

which infant experience fear of the visual cliff?

A

only infants with experience crawling

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36
Q

what shows that newborns are inherently social creatures?

A

that many sensory and motor abilities are learned through imitation

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37
Q

what do jamaican mothers expect of their babies earlier than british or indian mothers?

A

to walk

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38
Q

who proposed a theory in the 1920s, of cognitive development to explain why children of different ages have different abilities

A

Piaget

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39
Q

cognitive development

A

the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan

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40
Q

assimilation

A

people fit new information into the belief systems they already possess (mental schemas)

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41
Q

accomodation

A

a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience (u.e. you must modify your schemas)

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42
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to 2 years, during which infants think about and explore the world based on immediate sensory and motor experiences

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43
Q

purposeful movements

A

specific movements will produce specific results

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44
Q

object permanence

A

the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived

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45
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 years

- a stage is devoted to language development, using symbols, pretend play and mastering the concept of conservation

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46
Q

scale errors

A

interacting with dolls and toys as if they were the real thing

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47
Q

when does scale errors disseappear

A

around age 2.5

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48
Q

conservation

A

the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object

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49
Q

conservation of substance

A
  • 2 identical balls
  • 1 is deformed
  • “do the 2 pieces have the same amount of clay?”
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50
Q

conservation of number

A
  • 2 identical rows of pennies
  • one row is rearranged
  • “do the 2 rows have the same number of pennies?”
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51
Q

concrete operations stage

A
  • ages 7-12

- when children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers

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52
Q

during which stage do children learn mental operations and to categorize things?

A

concrete operations stage

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53
Q

formal operations stage

A
  • 11 to adulthood
  • involves the development of advances cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
  • thinking about the future
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54
Q

what are the 4 revisions to Piaget?

A

1) preschoolers are to as egocentric as Piaget thought
2) development depends on culture and education
3) abilities don’t develop in discrete stages; develop in more continuous
4) children understand much more than Piaget thought

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55
Q

core knowledge hypothesis

A

infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key elements of their environment

56
Q

how is the core knowledge hypothesis tested?

A

by observing habituation and dishabituation

57
Q

zone of proximal development

A

development is ideal when a child attempts skills and activities that are just beyond what he or she can do alone, but the child has guidance from adults who are attentive to his or her progress

58
Q

scaffolding

A

when the teacher matches his or her guidance to the learner or students needs

59
Q

attachment

A

an enduring emotional bond formed between individuals

60
Q

contact comfort

A

in priamtes, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant first attachment

61
Q

separation anxiety

A

the distress that most children develop, at about 6-8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers

62
Q

strange situation test

A

a parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a lab to test the security of a childs attachmnt

63
Q

what 2 aspects of the childs behaviour are observed in a strange situation test?

A

1) the amount of exploration the child engages in throughout the time Mom is away
2) the childs reactions to the departure and return of its caregiver

64
Q

what are the types of attachment?

A

1) secure
2) insecure avoidant
3) insecure anxious

65
Q

secure attachment

A
  • cry or protest if the parent leaves the room
  • welcomes her back and then play happily again
  • clearly more attached to the mother than to the stranger
66
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A
  • not caring if the mother leaves the room
  • making little effort to seek contact with her on her return
  • treating the stranger about the same as the mother
67
Q

insecure anxious attachment

A
  • resisting contact with the mother at reunion but protesting loudly if she leaves
  • anxious or ambivalent babies may cry to be picked up and then demand to be put down
  • may behave as if angry and resist her efforts to comfort them
68
Q

what are 4 causers of insecure attachment?

A

1) abandonment and deprivation in the first 2 years of life
2) parenting that is truly abusive, neglectful or erratic
3) childs genetically influence temperament
4) stressful circumstances in the family

69
Q

egocentric

A

perceiving and interpreting the world in terms of the self

70
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to recognize the thoughts, beliefs and expectations of others, and to understand that these can be different from ones own

71
Q

location-change tasks

A
  • an object is placed in location A and unbeknownst to the 3rd party, the position is switched to an alternate location
  • the participant must indicate where the 3rd party would look for the object
72
Q

gender identity

A

the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is dependent of whether the person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender

73
Q

gender typing

A

process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits. and behaviours associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture

74
Q

what are the 2 types of influences on gender development?

A

1) biological and cognitive influences

2) learning factors

75
Q

adolescnce

A

the period of life from puberty to adulthood

76
Q

puberty

A

the physical transition from childhood to adolescence, culminating in reproductive maturity

77
Q

primary sex traits

A

changes in the body that are part of reproduction

78
Q

secondary sex traits

A

changes in the body that are not part of reproduction

79
Q

menarche

A

the onset of menstruation

80
Q

spermarche

A

a boys first ejaculation of sperm

81
Q

the onset of puberty depends on _____ and ______ factors

A

genetic and environmental

82
Q

true or false: body fat triggers hormonal changes that can cause an earlier onset of puberty

A

true

83
Q

what is the average age of menarche in north america?

A

12.5

84
Q

what is the average age of menarche in europe?

A

13

85
Q

what is the average age of menarche in africa?

A

14-17 (depending on region)

86
Q

what are some traits of early maturing boys

A

have more positive views of their bodies and are more likely to smoke, binge drink and break the law

87
Q

what are some traits of early maturing females

A

usually socially popular but also regarded by peer group as precocious and sexually active

88
Q

are early or late maturing adolescence more likely to fight with parents, drop out of school and have a negative body image?

A

early maturing

89
Q

delay of gratification

A

putting off immediate temptations in order to focus on longer-term goals

90
Q

where do changes primarily occur during adolescent brain development

A

prefrontal cortex

91
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

impulse control and planning

92
Q

what are kohl bergs 3 stages of moral reasoning?

A

1) pre conventional morality
2) conventional morality
3) post conventional morality

93
Q

pre conventional morality

A

characterized by self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment. considered a very basic and egocentric form of moral reasoning

94
Q

conventional morality

A

regards social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate moral behaviour. directives from parents, teachers and the law are used as guidelines for moral behaviour

95
Q

post conventional morality

A

considers rules and laws as relative. right and wrong are determined by more abstract principles of justice and rights

96
Q

what 3 things does kohl bergs theory overlook?

A

educational, situational and cultural influences

97
Q

social intuitionist model

A

moral judgements are guided by intuitive, emotional reactions; we then construct an argument that supports our reaction

98
Q

identity

A

a clear sense of what kind of person you are, what types of people you belong with, and what roles you should play in society

99
Q

identity crisis

A

curiosity, questioning and exploration of different identities

100
Q

identity statuses

A

the processes and outcomes of identity development that include elements of both crisis and personal commitment

101
Q

identity achievement

A

look in textbook

102
Q

identity diffusion

A

refusal to commit to one identity

103
Q

identity foreclosure

A

committing to identities handed down by parents

104
Q

identity moratorium

A

not committing to an identity

105
Q

in childhood what are friends defined as?

A

people you play with

106
Q

in adolescence what are friends defined as?

A

people you trust

107
Q

from ages 6-12 is gender or ethnicity/wealth more important?

A

gender

108
Q

what are male friendships focused on?

A

competition and dominance

109
Q

what do female friendships focus on?

A

agreement, compliance and self-disclosure

110
Q

individualization

A

the process of developing own opinions, values, and styles of dress and look

111
Q

what do fights with parents represent?

A

a shift from one-sided parental authority to a more reciprocal adult relationship

112
Q

what are Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development?

A

1) infancy: trust vs. mistrust
2) toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3) preschool/early childhood: initiative vs. guilt
4) childhood: industry vs. inferiority
5) adolescence: identitiy vs. role confusion
6) young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
7) adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
8) aging: ego integrity vs. despair

113
Q

infancy: trust vs. mistrust

A

developing a sense of trust and security toward caregivers

114
Q

toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

seeking independence and gaining self-sufficiency

115
Q

preschool/early childhood: initiative vs. guilt

A

active exploration of the environment and taking personal initiative

116
Q

childhood: industry vs. inferiority

A

striving to master tasks and challenges of childhood, particularly those faced in school. child begins pursuing unique interests

117
Q

adolescence: identity vs. role confusion

A

achieving a sense of self and future direction

118
Q

young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation

A

developing the ability to initiate and maintain intimate relationships

119
Q

adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation

A

the focus is on satisfying personal and family needs, as well as contributing to society

120
Q

aging: ego integrity vs. despair

A

coping with the prospect of death while looking back on life with a sense of contentment and integrity for accomplishments

121
Q

emerging adulthood (18-25)

A

phase of life distinctly different from adolescent and adulthood
- in some ways an adult, in some ways not

122
Q

young adulthood

A

a stage ranging from 25ish to 40ish with a focus on education, relationship and careers

123
Q

generativity

A

being engaged in meaningful and productive work, as well as making contributions to future generations

124
Q

what is the neuronal loss from age 20 to 80

A
  • prefrontal cortex = 17%
  • thalamus = 22%
  • basal ganglia = 21%
125
Q

alzheimers disease symptoms

A

affects orientation to place and time, memory, language, movement, attention, visual perception, problem solving and social functioning

126
Q

what % of north americans aged 65-74 are affected by alzheimers?

A

3%

127
Q

what % of north americans aged 85+ are affected by Alzheimers?

A

50%

128
Q

why is alzheimers becoming more common?

A

because people are living longer

129
Q

how long do people live after the onset of alzheimers?

A

8-10 years on average

130
Q

memory deficits of alzheimers

A
  • severe encoding deficit
  • patients don’t take advantage of contextual or semantic info to improve encoding (i.e.. loss of encoding strategies)
  • faster than normal loss of new info
131
Q

what is an early sign of alzheimers?

A

people being able to name an objects function without being able to name the object

132
Q

true or false: recent memories are preserved better than older memories for alzheimers patients

A

FALSE: older memories are preserved better than newer memories for alzheimers patients

133
Q

what are symptoms of alzheimers caused by?

A

the formation of neurofibrils (tangles) and amyloid plaques in the brain

134
Q

what do the tangles and plaques in the brain prevent?

A

prevent neurons from receiving nutrient and cause the neurons to wither up and die

135
Q

is the cause of alzheimers known?

A

no but there is a genetic link

136
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new info to solve problems
- relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age

137
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

cognitive skills and specific knowledge of info acquired over a lifetime; it depends heavily on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime

intro psychology (29 decks)

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