Chapter 10 - Lifespan Development Flashcards
where are eggs fertilized??
fallopian tubes
within 6 days of eggs fertilizing in the fallopian tubes, the resulting zygote becomes a ______ and is implanted along the lining of the uterus
blastocyte
what are the 3 phases on prenatal development?
Germinal: 0 to 2 weeks
Embryonic: 2 to 8 weeks
Fetal Stage: 8 weeks to birth
what happens during the germinal phase of prenatal development?
migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian times and its implantation in the uterus. cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system and skin tissues.
what happens during the embryonic phase of prenatal development?
basic cell layers become differentiated. Major structures such as the head, heart, limbs, hands, and feet emerge. The embryo attaches to the placenta, the structure that allows for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes
what happens during the fetal stage of prenatal development?
brain development progresses as distinct regions take form. The Circulatory, respiratory, digestive and other bodily systems develop. sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation
by 3 months the ______ hemispheres have formed.
cerebral
at 40 weeks, the brain has almost _______ neurons and a convoluted (folded) cortex
100 billion neurons
preterm infants
infant born earlier than 36 weeks
why do preterm infants have immediate challenges such as breathing on their own and maintaining an appropriate body temperature?
because they have underdeveloped brains and lungs
what is the survival rate for 30-week infants?
95%
what is the survival rate for 25-week infants?
50%
Newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program (NIDCAP)
a behaviourally based intervention in which preterm infants are closely observed and given intensive care during early development (minimal lights, sound levels and stress)
kangaroo care
skin-to-skin contact between babies and caregivers
teratogens
substances, such as drugs or environmental toxins, that impair the process of development
20,000 canadians from 1959-1962 were harmed by the anti-nausea drug ______
thalidomide
what does phocomelia mean?
seal limb
what are 4 agents that cross the placenta?
1) german measles
2) x rays and other radiation, toxic chemicals
3) cigarette smoking
4) recreational drugs
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
abnormalities in mental functioning, growth and facial development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy
what are 4 key features of children with FAS?
1) smaller brains
2) facial deformities
3) coordination problems
4) developmentally delayed
what is the leading cause of non-hereditary mental retardation?
FAS
___% of canadian women reported consuming some alcohol during their pregnancy
25%
FAS is thought to affect __-__ babies in every 1000 live births
1-3
reflexes
involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
rooting
stimulation of the corner of the mouth causes the infant to orient herself toward the stimulation and begin sucking motions
swallowing
an infant can swallow, though this reflex is not yet well coordinated with ‘mouth breathing’
moro or startle
when infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a protective motion
babinski
in response to a touch on the bottom of the foot, the infants toes will splay outward and then curl in
grasping
when an infant palm is stimulated, she will grasp the stimulating object; this facilitates holding on to the caregiver
stepping
if held so that the feet just touch the ground, an infant will show “walking” movements, alternating the feet in steps
synaptogenesis
the forming of new synaptic connections
synaptic pruning
the loss of weak nerve cell connections
what is an infants visual range?
8 inches
true or false: infants cannot hear and smell, but they can touch
FALSE: infants can hear, touch and smell
which infant experience fear of the visual cliff?
only infants with experience crawling
what shows that newborns are inherently social creatures?
that many sensory and motor abilities are learned through imitation
what do jamaican mothers expect of their babies earlier than british or indian mothers?
to walk
who proposed a theory in the 1920s, of cognitive development to explain why children of different ages have different abilities
Piaget
cognitive development
the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan
assimilation
people fit new information into the belief systems they already possess (mental schemas)
accomodation
a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience (u.e. you must modify your schemas)
sensorimotor stage
from birth to 2 years, during which infants think about and explore the world based on immediate sensory and motor experiences
purposeful movements
specific movements will produce specific results
object permanence
the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived
preoperational stage
2-7 years
- a stage is devoted to language development, using symbols, pretend play and mastering the concept of conservation
scale errors
interacting with dolls and toys as if they were the real thing
when does scale errors disseappear
around age 2.5
conservation
the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object
conservation of substance
- 2 identical balls
- 1 is deformed
- “do the 2 pieces have the same amount of clay?”
conservation of number
- 2 identical rows of pennies
- one row is rearranged
- “do the 2 rows have the same number of pennies?”
concrete operations stage
- ages 7-12
- when children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers
during which stage do children learn mental operations and to categorize things?
concrete operations stage
formal operations stage
- 11 to adulthood
- involves the development of advances cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
- thinking about the future
what are the 4 revisions to Piaget?
1) preschoolers are to as egocentric as Piaget thought
2) development depends on culture and education
3) abilities don’t develop in discrete stages; develop in more continuous
4) children understand much more than Piaget thought