Module 5.2 - Altered Consciousness

Question 1

hypnosis

Answer 1

a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility

Question 2

True or False: Hypnosis is a trance

Answer 2

FALSE: hypnosis is NOT a trance

Question 3

what are the 3 types of suggestions given by a hypnotist?

Answer 3

1) Ideomotor Suggestions
2) Challenge Suggestions
3) Cognitive-Perceptual Suggestions

Question 4

Ideomotor Suggestions

Answer 4

Related to specific actions that could be performed (e.g. put your left arm up in the air)

Question 5

Challenge Suggestions

Answer 5

indicate actions that are not to be performed (e.g. dont touch the flood - its lava!)

Question 6

Cognitive-Perceptual Suggestions

Answer 6

involve a subject remembering or forgetting specific information, or experiencing altered perceptions such as educed pain sensations

Question 7

hypnosis is a unique state in which consciousness is divided into 2 parts. What are these 2 parts?

Answer 7

1) an observer

2) hidden observer

Question 8

social-cognitive theory

Answer 8

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

Question 9

what does executive processing influence?

Answer 9

executive processing influences peoples expectations

Question 10

Meditation

Answer 10

any procedure that involves a shift in consciousness to a state in which an individual is highly focused, aware and in control of mental processes

Question 11

focused attention (FA) meditation

Answer 11

focusing attention on an object or feeling

Question 12

what is activated through FA meditation?

Answer 12

areas of the brain related to attentional control - the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 13

Open monitoring (OM) meditation

Answer 13

after initial training with FA meditation, meditators learn to pay attention to the moment-by-moment sensations without focusing on any particular object

Question 14

what is activated through OM meditation?

Answer 14

activates brain structures involved with disengaging attention and on awareness of bodily states

Question 15

what does meditation improve?

Answer 15

attentional control (one of our executive functions) and helps us remove ourselves from our own “stories” or self-focused, narratives

Question 16

mindfulness-based stress reduction

Answer 16

MBSR programs teach and promote mindfulness meditation as a way of improving
well-being and reducing negative experiences

Question 17

what other 3 things are MBSR used for?

Answer 17

depression, some psychiatric disorders and pain

Question 18

brain death

Answer 18

a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brainstem, no longer functions

Question 19

coma

Answer 19

a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness

Question 20

patients who are in a coma have an absence of both _______ and ________ of themseleves or their surroundings

Answer 20

wakefulness, awareness

Question 21

what are the 2 types of vegetative states?

Answer 21

1) persistent vegetative state

2) permanent vegetative state

Question 22

Persistent vegetative state

Answer 22

a state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patients eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep-wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness

Question 23

where is the brain damage of persistent vegetative person?

Answer 23

extensive brain damage to the grey matter and white matter of both hemispheres

Question 24

permanent vegetative state

Answer 24

when symptoms of persistent vegetative state do not improve after 3 months

Question 25

what did Owen and colleagues find about vegetative patients?

Answer 25

found that some vegetative patients (5/54) could respond to verbal instructions

Question 26

minimally conscious state (MCS)

Answer 26

a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis

Question 27

locked-in syndrome

Answer 27

a disorder in which the patient is aware and awake, but because of an inability to move his or her body, appears unconscious

Question 28

what is locked-in syndrome caused by?

Answer 28

damage to part of the pons

Question 29

True or false: most patients with locked-in syndrome remain paralyzed

Answer 29

true

Question 30

who was once thought of as a “lost cause”

Answer 30

patients with locked-in syndrome