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intro psychology > Module 7.1 - Memory Sytems > Flashcards

Module 7.1 - Memory Sytems Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the capacity to retain and retrieve information

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2
Q

memory provides us with our sense of _____

A

identity

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3
Q

stores

A

retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

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4
Q

what is similar to a computers hard drive?

A

stores

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5
Q

control processes

A

shift information from one memory store to another

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

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7
Q

iconic memory

A

500ms

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8
Q

echoic memory

A

5-10seconds

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9
Q

attention

A

a control process that selects which information will be transferred on to short-term memory

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10
Q

______ is often thought of as a ‘spotlight’

A

attention

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11
Q

change blindness

A

change blindness paradigm demonstrates the rapid decay of sensory memory

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12
Q

short term memory

A

a memory store with limited capacity and a limited duration (less than a minute)

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13
Q

true or false: we cant measure the capacity of long term memory, but we can measure the capacity of short term memory

A

true

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14
Q

short term memory is compared to what? why?

A

a workbench with approx. 7 items on it. when a new item is put on the bench, another one falls off

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15
Q

the capacity of short term memory is ___ units

A

7 units

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16
Q

is there a way to increase the information stored in short term memory?

A

yes, through chunking

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17
Q

chunking

A

organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

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18
Q

encoding

A

the transferring of information from short term memory to long term memory

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19
Q

long term memory

A

a memory store that holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently

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20
Q

true or false: long term memory has capacity limitations

A

FALSE: long term memory has no capacity limitations

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21
Q

serial position effect

A

the tendency for people to recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or 2 from the middle

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22
Q

what 2 things does serial position effect consist of?

A

primary effect and recency effect

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23
Q

proactive interference

A

a process in which the first information learned occupy memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

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24
Q

retroactive interference

A

when the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not made it into long term memory

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25
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore

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26
Q

working memory

A

a model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

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27
Q

phronological loop

A

a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds, or as an auditory code

28
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

a storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

29
Q

we use _______ to chunk visual information

A

feature blinding

30
Q

episodic buffer

A

a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other 2 components into coherent, story-like episodes

31
Q

_____ increase memory capacity

A

narratives

32
Q

central executive

A

the control centre of working memory; it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the 3 storage components

33
Q

what does central executive forcus attention on?

A

components that are goal- or task- relevant

34
Q

declarative memories

A

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and ones own personal experiences

35
Q

what is another name for declarative memories?

A

explicit memories

36
Q

episodic memories

A

declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around ‘episodes’ and are recalled from a first person (I or my) perspective

37
Q

semantic memories

A

declarative memories that include facts about the world

38
Q

non-declarative memories

A

actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness

39
Q

what is another name for non-declarative memories

A

implicit memories

40
Q

procedural memories

A

a non-declarative memory involving previously performed patterns of muscle movements (motor memory)

41
Q

conditioning

A

when a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a US, thus becoming a CS

42
Q

priming

A

previous exposure to a stimulus will affect and individuals later responses, either to that same stimulus or to something related to it

43
Q

semantic networks

A

an interconnected set of nodes, with more related items having a stronger connection

44
Q

semantic networks can explain ______ and mimics networks in the brain

A

priming

45
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

the enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together

46
Q

true or false: cells that fire together, wire together

A

true

47
Q

consolidation

A

the process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain

48
Q

where can consolidation occur?

A

at the level of small neuronal groups or across the cortex

49
Q

the _______ is involved in memory consolidation

A

hippocampus

50
Q

reconsolidation

A

when the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long term memories based on new information

51
Q

the _______ is critical for spatial memory

A

hippocampus

52
Q

patient H.M.

A

had initial brain damage from a bike accident at age 9. suffered from intractable epilepsy in his teens and early 20’s. on sept 1 1953, underwent a bilateral resection (removal) of his temporal lobes-including the hippocampus.

53
Q

what happened after patient H.M.s resection?

A

his seizures ceased, his IQ went up 14 points but he had a form of amnesia

54
Q

amnesia

A

a profound loss of at least one form of memory

55
Q

true or false: patient HM could learn new procedural memories and be classically conditioned but he could not form new episodic memories.

A

true

56
Q

true or false: memories involve different sensory cortices in the brain

A

true

57
Q

cross cortical storage

A

memories are stored in networks across the cortex, particularly in the frontal lobes

58
Q

working memory involves the _______ cortex

A

prefrontal cortex

59
Q

infant amnesia

A

few people can remember events earlier than age 3 or 4

60
Q

true or false: the brains memory systems are fully developed in childhood

A

FALSE: the brains memory systems are NOT fully developed in childhood

61
Q

________ is involved in formation of emotional memories

A

amygdala

62
Q

true or false: patients with severe anxiety disorders involving recurrent memories (e.g., PTSD) show greater amygdala activity

A

true

63
Q

psychogenic amnesia

A

the causes of forgetting are psychological such as the need to escape feelings of embarrassment, guilt, shame, disappointment, and emotional shock

64
Q

traumatic amnesia

A

the forgetting of specific traumatic events, sometimes for many years

65
Q

traumatic amnesia is very ______

A

controversial

intro psychology (29 decks)

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