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intro psychology > Module 5.1 - Sleep > Flashcards

Module 5.1 - Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousnes

A

a persons subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world and self-awareness

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2
Q

moment to moment experiences

A

consciousness

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3
Q

can we experience altered states of consciousness?

A

Yes

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4
Q

true or false: mental activity only occurs when we are conscious

A

FALSE: mental activity can occur even when we are not conscious

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5
Q

Biological rhythms

A

patterns of behaviour - ranging from hormones to over actions - that cycle within days, weeks, months or years

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6
Q

what are biological rhythms often adapted to?

A

cycles in an organisms environment

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of biological rhythms?

A

1) Infradian rhythm
2) Ultradian rhythm
3) Circadian rhythms

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8
Q

Infradian rhythm

A

any rhythm that occurs over a period of time longer than a day

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9
Q

circannual rhythm means what?

A

literally means “a yearly cycle”

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10
Q

what is an example of the infradian rhythm?

A

menstrual cycle

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11
Q

ultradian rhythm

A

any rhythm that occurs more frequently than once a day

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12
Q

what is an example of the ultradian rhythm?

A

heart rate, urination and some hormonal activity occurs in 90-120 minute cycles

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13
Q

circadian rhythms

A

internally driven daily cycles of approx 24 hours affecting the physiological and behavioural processes

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14
Q

what is an example of the circadian rhythms?

A

sleep-wake cycle and fluctuations in hunger

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15
Q

suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

a part of the hypothalamus that receives input from the retina about light levels

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16
Q

what gland does the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) communicate with?

A

Pineal gland

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17
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland release?

A

melatonin

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18
Q

melatonin

A

a sleep related hormone whose levels peak at night time and are reduced during wakefulness

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19
Q

where does information about melatonin go?

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

entrainment

A

when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature or even a clock

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21
Q

endogenous rhythms

A

biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

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22
Q

what does your degree of alertness depend on?

A

where you are in your circadian rhythm

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23
Q

as people age they tend to require less sleep, particularly from the stage known as _________.

A

REM sleep

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24
Q

what are the 2 ways of measuring sleep?

A

polysomnography and electroencephalography (EEG)

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25
Q

Polysomnography

A

a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

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26
Q

what can polysomnography include?

A

heart rate, eye movements, respiration rate, muscle contractions and brain activity

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27
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

a device that measures brain waves using sensors attached to the scalp. these waveforms are described by their frequency and amplitude

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28
Q

how do the stages of sleep in humans work?

A

humans move from stage 1 through stage 4 and then cycle back to stage 1

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29
Q

REM sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves inhibited body movement and rapid eye movements (REM)

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30
Q

Stage 4 sleep

A

= “deep sleep”

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31
Q

when is stage 4 sleep most common?

A

early in the night

32
Q

when is REM sleep most common?

A

just before we wake up

33
Q

Restore and Repair Hypothesis

A

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the days activities

34
Q

what does lack of sleep eventually lead to?

A

cognitive decline, emotional disturbances and impaired functioning of the immune system

35
Q

how does sleep save us energy?

A

sleep weakens the connections between neurons, thus reducing activity at night

36
Q

how long do lions sleep at nigh?

A

15-18 hours

37
Q

how long do gazelles sleep at night?

A

approx 4 hours

38
Q

preserve and protect hypothesis

A

the idea that 2 more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm

39
Q

sleep deprivation

A

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

40
Q

what 2 things can sleep deprivation be due to?

A

external causes (noisy neighbours) or internal causes (studying all night)

41
Q

sleep displacement

A

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

42
Q

Jet Lag

A

the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness

43
Q

true or false: it is typically easier to adjust when travelling east

A

FALSE: it is typically easier to adjust when travelling west because it is easier to stay up later than to go to sleep earlier

44
Q

what was the first modern attempt to study dreams?

A

Freud’s 1899 book “The Interpretation of Dreams”

45
Q

Manifest Content

A

involves the images and storylines that we dream about

46
Q

Latent Content

A

the symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

47
Q

Problem Solving Theory

A

the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

48
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem.

49
Q

what is the activation portion of the activation-sythesis hypothesis?

A

bursts of excitatory messages from the pons (a part of the brain stem)

50
Q

what is the synthesis portion of the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

A

the cortex tries to make sense of the images, sounds and memories stimulated by this activity

51
Q

what percent of our total sleep does REM and dreaming make up?

A

20-25%

52
Q

True or false: students have more REM during the finals period than during the summer

A

True

53
Q

Insomnia

A

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

54
Q

how many Canadians have insomia

A

1/7 or 3.3 million people

55
Q

true or false: Insomnia is defined by a specific amount of sleep

A

FALSE: insomnia is not defined by a specific amount of sleep; it is related to the degree to which a person feels rested

56
Q

onset insomnia

A

trouble falling asleep

57
Q

maintenance insomnia

A

middle of the night, wake up, unable to fall back asleep

58
Q

terminal insomnia/early morning insomnia

A

wake up much earlier than wanting to and unable to fall back asleep

59
Q

nightmares

A

particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

60
Q

what can nightmares be related to?

A

anxiety and emotional reactivity

61
Q

True or False: nightmares are more common in females

A

true

62
Q

Night Terrors

A

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

63
Q

Restless Legs Syndrome

A

a persistent feeling of discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them into different positions

64
Q

what could restless legs syndrome be a result of?

A

iron deficiency

65
Q

somnambulism (sleep-walking)

A

a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

66
Q

when does sleep walking occur?

A

during NREM sleep, stages 3 and 4 and is more prevalent during childhood

67
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

the acting out of ones dreams

68
Q

Sexomnia (sleep sex)

A

engaging in sexual activity such as the touching of the self or others, vocalizations, and sex themed talk while in stage 3 and 3 sleep

69
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breath during sleep (apnea literally translates to “without breathing”)

70
Q

True or false: sleep apnea is more common in females and thinner people

A

FALSE: sleep apnea is more common in males and overweight individuals

71
Q

what is sleep apnea generally caused by? What are rare cases of sleep apnea caused by?

A

generally caused by obstructed airways, however, in rare cases sleep apnea can be caused by brainstem dysfunction

72
Q

narcolepsy

A

a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

73
Q

how many canadians experience narcolepsy

A

30,000 canadians

74
Q

what is narcolepsy related to?

A

the hormone orexin which maintains wakefulness

75
Q

cataplexy

A

complete loss of muscle tons

76
Q

sleep hygiene

A

healthy sleep related habits that often allow people to overcome sleep disturbances in a matter of a few weeks

intro psychology (29 decks)

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