Module 9.1 - Measuring Intelligence Flashcards
what did sir francis galton believe?
that superior sensory abilities led to a superior understanding of the world
what did francis galton create?
17 sensory tests (similar to absolute thresholds)
anthropometrics
methods of measuring physical and mental variation in humans
alfred binet
french researcher who assumed that intelligence should more complex abilities such as attention, memory and comprehension
intelligence
the ability to think, understand and adapt to or overcome obstacles
binet-simon test
binet and theodore simon developed an intelligence test to identifty studnt who need specialized education using 30 tasks including defining words, making sentences out of specific words and reproducing drawings
mental age
the average intellecutal ability score for children of a specific age
stanford-binet test
an intelligence test intended to measure innate levels of intelligence
intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ is calculated by taking a persons mental age, dividing it by his chronological age, and then multpipying it by 100
(MA/CA)*100 = ______
IQ score
what would all average childrens IQ score be? why?
100 because MA=CA
Wechsler Adult Intelligence scales (WAIS)
provides a full scale IQ score as well as 2 subscales
what are the 2 subscales of WAIS?
1) general ability index (GAI)
2) cognitive proficiency index (CPI)
general ability index (gai)
examines comprehension and reasoning without examining processing speed
cognitive proficiency index (cpi)
working memory and processing speed tasks. these abilities allow more cognitive resources to be directed toward reasoning
the average IQ score is ____ with a standard deviation of ____
100, 15
ravens progressive matrices
an intelligence test that is based on pictures, not words, thus making it relatively unaffected by language or cultural background
what did galton conclude?
that eminence ran in families, which he believed was due to “good breeding”
40% of immigrants were classified as what?
“feeble-minded”
eugenics
encouraging breeding between people with particular traits and discouraging breeding between those without these traits (e.g., people with low IQs)
true or false: some of early eugenicists meant well
true, forced sterilization meant that weaker characteristics would be “bred out” of the population
what became bad about eugenics?
tinged with racism (bad science, can lead to bad outcomes)
according to the bell curve by herrstein and murray, society consists of what 2 types of people?
cognitive elite and the less intelligent
true or false: herrstein and murray believed that those with low IQS should be helped by programs such as Had start, affirmative action programs or scholarships for members of visible minorities
FALSE: herrstein and murray believed that those with low IQS should not be helped by programs such as Had start, affirmative action programs or scholarships for members of visible minorities
true or false: herrstein and murray believed that the system should allow people with the most merit to rise to the top, even if they ended up disproportionately of certain cultural or ethnic backgrounds
true
what are 3 reasons why even unbiased tests often produced “race differences”
1) familiarity with standardized tests
2) motivation to do well on test
3) discomfort with formal testing environments
stereotype threat
when negative stereotypes about a group cause group members to under perform on ability tests
what 4 things are influenced by stereotype threat
1) sex differences
2) ethnic “minorities”
3) elderly
4) poor
how does stereotype threat increase arousal
because individuals are concerned that a poor performance may reflect poorly on their group
how does stereotype threat increase self-focused thoughts
leaves fewer cognitive resources for the test itself
how does stereotype threat increase inhibition (the tendency for people to actively try to inhibit negative thoughts they may have)
this reduces the cognitive resources available for the test
entity theory
the belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult (or impossible) to change
incremental theory
the belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practice and effort
what 2 things can be influenced by beliefs about the stability of intelligence?
academic performance and behaviours
true or false: in one study, students were given 476 general knowledge questions. those with entity beliefs were more likely to give up when faced with challenging questions or negative feedback
true
true or false: according to surveys, asian parents, teachers and students are more likely to believe math ability comes from studying
true
true or false: according to surveys, north americans are less likely to view ability as innate
FALSE: according to surveys, north americans are more likely to view ability as innate
true or false: according to surveys, north american parents had lower academic standards for kids
true
true or false: according to surveys, asian children value education less
FALSE: according to surveys, north american children value education less
