Psych ch.18

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Question 2

attribution theory

Answer 2

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Question 3

fundamental attribution error

Answer 3

he tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overesti- mate the impact of personal disposition.

Question 4

attitude

Answer 4

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Question 5

central route to persuasion

Answer 5

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Question 6

peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 6

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Question 7

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 7

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 8

::role

Answer 8

a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Question 9

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 9

the theory that we act to reduce the dis- comfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are incon- sistent. For example, when our aware- ness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting disso- nance by changing our attitudes.

Question 10

conformity

Answer 10

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Question 11

::normative social influence

Answer 11

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Question 12

informational social influence

Answer 12

influ- ence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Question 13

social facilitation

Answer 13

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Question 14

social loafing

Answer 14

the tendency for peo- ple in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Question 15

deindividuation

Answer 15

the loss of self- awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Question 16

group polarization

Answer 16

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.When people of similar views form a group together, discussion within the group makes their views more extreme.

Question 17

groupthink

Answer 17

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a real- istic appraisal of alternatives.

Question 18

prejudice

Answer 18

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discrim- inatory action.

Question 19

stereotype

Answer 19

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Question 21

ingroup

Answer 21

“Us”—people with whom we share a common identity.

Question 22

outgroup

Answer 22

“Them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Question 23

ingroup bias

Answer 23

the tendency to favor our own group.

Question 24

scapegoat theory

Answer 24

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 25

other-race effect

Answer 25

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Question 26

:just-world phenomenon

Answer 26

the tenden- cy for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Question 27

aggression

Answer 27

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Question 28

frustration-aggression principle

Answer 28

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal— creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Question 29

mere exposure effect

Answer 29

the phenome- non that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 30

passionate love

Answer 30

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Question 31

companionate love

Answer 31

the deep affec- tionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Question 32

equity

Answer 32

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Question 33

self-disclosure

Answer 33

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Question 34

altruism

Answer 34

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Question 35

bystander effect

Answer 35

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Question 36

social exchange theory

Answer 36

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 37

reciprocity norm

Answer 37

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Question 38

social-responsibility norm

Answer 38

an expec- tation that people will help those depen- dent upon them.

Question 39

conflict

Answer 39

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Question 40

social trap

Answer 40

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Question 41

mirror-image perceptions

Answer 41

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Question 42

superordinate goals

Answer 42

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Question 43

GRIT

Answer 43

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Question 44

Asch

Answer 44

ppl agree about something that is not true if other ppl say it is (conformity)

Question 45

Milgram

Answer 45

commands on behavior. obeying to commands bc of authoritative figure, shocking ppl