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10th grade > Psych 5 steps to a 5 > Flashcards

Psych 5 steps to a 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Monism

A

mind and body are the same

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2
Q

Behavior is nature

A

Plato and Descartes

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3
Q

Behavior result from experience

A

Aristotle, Locke, Watson, Skinner

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

introspection

  • Wundt
  • Hall
  • Titchener
  • Washburn
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5
Q

Functionalism

A

behavior

  • James
  • Calkins
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6
Q

Eclectic

A

techniques from different approaches

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7
Q

Psychometrician

A

analyzing psychological data

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8
Q

Industrial/Organizational psychologists

A

workplace

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9
Q

Within subjects design

A

participants is his/her own control group

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10
Q

counterbalancing

A

assigns half the subjects to one of the treatments first and the other half of the subjects to the other treatment first.

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11
Q

quasi-experimental

A

a controlled experiment but no random assignment

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12
Q

ex post facto

A

retrospective

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13
Q

Nominal scale

A

numbers used to name

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14
Q

ordinal scale

A

numbers that are put in order

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15
Q

interval scale

A

meaningful difference btw #

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16
Q

Frequency polygon

A

lined graph

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17
Q

central tendency

A

average/typical score on data

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18
Q

bimodal

A

2 modes

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19
Q

skewed

A

named in the direction of the tail(smallest point)

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20
Q

Variability

A

spread/dispersion of data

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21
Q

standard score (z score)

A

useful when comparing scores on different scales/tests

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22
Q

percentile score

A

the percentage of scores at or below a particular score

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23
Q

Inferential statistic

A

used to interpret data and draw conclusion

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24
Q

statistical significance

A

the probability that the finding are due to chance is low if the p value is low. the difference btw to group results are real if it is a big difference

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25
Q

meta-analysis

A

combining results of many studies to reach a conclusion

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26
Q

aphasia

A

loss of language in broca or wenicke

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27
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere

A

verbal, mathematical, and analytical function

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28
Q

Right hemisphere

A

spatial, musical, and faces/expression

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29
Q

Evoked potential

A

EEGs resulting from a response to a specific stimulus

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30
Q

fMRI

A

show local brain activity

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31
Q

Meninges

A

menbrane protecting spinal cord and brain

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32
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

cover spinal cord produce by glial cells

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33
Q

gyri

A

peaks in cortex

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34
Q

sulci

A

valley in cortex

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35
Q

convolution

A

gyri and sulci that increase surface area in cortex. Deeper valley: fissures

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36
Q

Association areas

A

no specific sensory and motor function

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37
Q

contra-laterality

A

control one side of the body by the other side of the brain

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38
Q

parietal lobes

A

somatosensory

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39
Q

cell body

A

aka. cyton or soma

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40
Q

Axon (end)

A

axon terminal, terminal button, and synaptic knob

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41
Q

Myelin shealth

A

glial cells

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42
Q

neurogenesis

A

growth of new neurons (thorughout life)

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43
Q

Dopamine

A

alot: schizophrenia, less: parkinson’s disease

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44
Q

Glutamate

A

stimulate cells, involve in schizophrenia and alzheimer

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45
Q

GABA

A

inhibits firing of neurons. malfunction associated w/ huntington’s and seizures

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46
Q

Agonist

A

mimic neurotransmitter

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47
Q

Antagonist

A

block a receptor site

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48
Q

Neuron

A

is more negative inside the cell. outside: positive sodium ion. undoing this unbalance: depolarization

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49
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

segments of myelin

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50
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

depolarizing btw nodes of ranvier

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51
Q

excitatory

A

causes action potential

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52
Q

inhibitory

A

prevents action potential

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53
Q

reflex arc

A

path reflex travels

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54
Q

effector

A

muscle cell that contract

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55
Q

hypothalamus

A

control hormones in pituitary

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56
Q

thyroid

A

thyroxine, metabolic (neck)

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57
Q

parathyroid

A

(neck) maintain calcium ion in blood

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58
Q

adrenal glands

A

(kidney)

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59
Q

Pancreas

A

(stomach) insulin and glucagon

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60
Q

genes

A

predispose behavior, alcholism, schizophrenia and intell

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61
Q

Turner’s syndrom

A

female with only one x

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62
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrom

A

male w/ xxy

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63
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of individual

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64
Q

phenotype

A

expression of genes

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65
Q

Tay-Sachs syndrome

A

recessive trait that produces loss of nervous function and death in baby

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66
Q

albinism

A

recessive trait lack of pigment and percieve depth

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67
Q

PKY

A

recessive trait brain damage. diet with low phenylalanine necessary baby

68
Q

huntington;s disease

A

dominant gene defect; degeneration of nervous system

69
Q

sex linked traits

A

recessive genes on X w/o corresponding gene on Y

70
Q

stimulus

A

a change in the envir that can b detected by sensory receptors

71
Q

just noticeable difference

A

experience of the difference threshold

72
Q

transduction

A

stimulus energy turns into electrochemical energy of neural impulses

73
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

74
Q

potoreceptort

A

rods and cones

75
Q

astigmatism

A

irregularity in shape of cornea and lens

76
Q

dark adaptation

A

increased visual sensitivity that develops (decreases) when it gets darker

77
Q

Eye

A
  1. rod/cone
  2. bipolar
  3. ganglion
  4. optic nerve
78
Q

feature detector

A

individ neuron in the visual cortex that respond to specific visual stimuli

79
Q

Wavelength

A 
long (red)
short(violet)
high amplitude (height of sound wave: brighter object/loud sound
80
Q

opponent process

A

red-green

blue-yellow

81
Q

frequency (theory: doesn’t apply with high pitch)

A

determines pitch (highness or lowness of sound), place thoery. close: high, far: low pitch.

82
Q

timbre

A

quality of sound by purity of waveform

83
Q

cochlea

A

inside is basilar membrane, inside that is hair cells

84
Q

Weber, two point discrimination test

A

amt. of cortex for each area is reltated to sensitivity

85
Q

gustration

A

taste, chemical sense

86
Q

fungiform papillae

A

containes taste bud

87
Q

navatis

A

inborn, gibson

88
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sensation into accurate perception.

top-down: preexisting experience shape perception

89
Q

gestalt

A

wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohla

90
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

human organize patterns in the simplest way

91
Q

proximity

A

nearness as same pattern

92
Q

closure

A

fill in gaps

93
Q

similarity

A

part of a pateern

94
Q

continuity

A

lines or patern

95
Q

motion parallax

A

monocular, distances of objects when objects are moving

96
Q

inerposition

A

close objects cuts of view of other objects

97
Q

perceptual constancy

A

percieving an object as unchanging even

98
Q

preconscious

A

outside of awareness but can be easily bought to conscious awareness

99
Q

unconscious

A

processing info that we are unaware of

100
Q

nonconscious

A

completely inaccessible

101
Q

dual processing

A

processing info on conscious and unconscious level at the same time

102
Q

stage 2

A

k complexes

103
Q

McCarley and Hobson

A

activation-synthesis theory, brainstem stimulate brain in REM with random activity that can be interpreted as dreams

104
Q

sleepwalking somnambulism

A

stage 4

105
Q

analgesia

A

pain control

106
Q

blood brain barrier

A

bells blpock substances blocking and aloowing spec substance to enter brain

107
Q

depressants

A

sleeps, barbiturate, tranquilizer, and alchohol

108
Q

narcotics

A

analgesics (pain reducers) depressing central nervous system. opiates - euphoria

109
Q

Stimulant

A

reduces hunger, stimulate sympathetic nervous system

110
Q

delayed conditioning

A

NS before UCS (strong)

111
Q

Trace conditioning

A

NS then it disappeares before UCS

112
Q

Simultaneous condition

A

UCS and NS are at the same time

113
Q

backward conditioning

A

UCs before NS (Weak)

114
Q

Watson and Rayner

A

baby albert classical conditioning

115
Q

higher order conditioninhq

A

CS is pair with new NS

116
Q

thorndike

A

instrumental learning: behavior becomes more or less likely depending on consequences
Law if Effect: behavior with positive consequences are strengthened, vice vesa

117
Q

aversive conditioning

A

involving unpleasant stimulus

  • Avoidance: take away the unpleasant stimulus before it begans
  • Escape: take away unpleasant stimulus after it sarted
118
Q

BF skinner (operant conditioning (box)

A

Premack principle: more likely behavior over less likely

omission training: taking something of value from the subject

119
Q

primary reinforcer

A

biologically important

120
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

not need to survive

121
Q

generalized reinforcer

A

secondary reinforcer that can get primary reinforcer

122
Q

Shaping

A

positively reinforcing closer and closer to desired behavior

123
Q

Chaining

A

has to do all steps until reward

124
Q

contiguity model

A

pavlov, CS substitutes US

125
Q

ratio: # of times
interval: time

A

fixed: know
variable: random

126
Q

contingency model:

A

Rescorla, , animals can motivate themseves and learn to expect the US

127
Q

blocking

A

cant turn NS to CS

128
Q

bobo doll

A

Bandura

  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. reproduction
  4. motivation
129
Q

mirror neurons

A

observational learning, activated: empathy

130
Q

preparedness

A

easily learn behavior related to survival instinct

131
Q

Garcia

A

rats and taste

132
Q

Instinctive drift

A

wild animals getting rid of conditioned

133
Q

Information processing model

A
  • Encoding: putting in memory
  • Storage: retention of info
  • Retrieval: getting info
134
Q

Level of Processing theory (semantic), Craik Lockhart, deep processing

A
  • shallow processing: incoming sensory info

- deep processing: meaning to make memories last

135
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

A

sensory: few sec
short term: 20 sec, 7 items
long term: permanent unlimitted

136
Q

working memory model

A
  • phonological loop: brief about language sound
  • visuospatial working: visual and spcial
  • central execitive: combine both and longterm
  • actively: visual and auditory
137
Q

semantic: facts and knowlede

A

episodic: pseronal events

138
Q

procedural:

A

automatic task

139
Q

Hierarchies

A

general to specific

140
Q

Semantic networks

A

irregular system with links of one concept to another

141
Q

Connectionism

A

memory in connection in neurons

142
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to put new into into explicit

143
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory lost about past events

144
Q

savings method

A

amt/ repition needed to relarn

145
Q

primacy effect

A

better recall of first items

146
Q

recency effect

A

better recall of last items

147
Q

context-dependent memory

A

physical setting in which a person learns info is encoded with memory

148
Q

state-ddpendent

A

things learned in one state is remembered when in that state again

149
Q

confabulation

A

filling in gaps in memoery

150
Q

surface structure

A

word or phrases

151
Q

qdeep structure

A

meaning

152
Q

holophase

A

one word

153
Q

overgeneralization

A

grammar rules applied to irregulars

154
Q

chomsky: nativist, already prepared for language

A

Whorf: language determines thinking

155
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about thinking

156
Q

inductive reasoning

A

specific to general

157
Q

deductive reasoning

A

gneral to specific

158
Q

normative studies

A

how we should make decisions

159
Q

descriptive stidues

A

how decisions are actually made

160
Q

representative heuristic

A

new things are judge based on sterotypical model

161
Q

anchoring effect

A

tendency to be influence

162
Q

convergent thinkers

A

one solution probelm solving

163
Q

divergent thiners

A

produce many answers

164
Q

cohort sequential

A

combines cross sectional and longitudinal

165
Q

Piaget

A

senosrimotor
preoperational stage
concrete operational
formal operational

166
Q

Frued

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic (genetals)
  4. laency (sexuality)
    $. genital
167
Q

extroversion: social

A

neuroticism: instability
psychotosm: toughmindedness, fiendlyness

10th grade (45 decks)

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