Psych 5 steps to a 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Monism
A
mind and body are the same
2
Q
Behavior is nature
A
Plato and Descartes
3
Q
Behavior result from experience
A
Aristotle, Locke, Watson, Skinner
4
Q
Structuralism
A
introspection
- Wundt
- Hall
- Titchener
- Washburn
5
Q
Functionalism
A
behavior
- James
- Calkins
6
Q
Eclectic
A
techniques from different approaches
7
Q
Psychometrician
A
analyzing psychological data
8
Q
Industrial/Organizational psychologists
A
workplace
9
Q
Within subjects design
A
participants is his/her own control group
10
Q
counterbalancing
A
assigns half the subjects to one of the treatments first and the other half of the subjects to the other treatment first.
11
Q
quasi-experimental
A
a controlled experiment but no random assignment
12
Q
ex post facto
A
retrospective
13
Q
Nominal scale
A
numbers used to name
14
Q
ordinal scale
A
numbers that are put in order
15
Q
interval scale
A
meaningful difference btw #
16
Q
Frequency polygon
A
lined graph
17
Q
central tendency
A
average/typical score on data
18
Q
bimodal
A
2 modes
19
Q
skewed
A
named in the direction of the tail(smallest point)
20
Q
Variability
A
spread/dispersion of data
21
Q
standard score (z score)
A
useful when comparing scores on different scales/tests
22
Q
percentile score
A
the percentage of scores at or below a particular score
23
Q
Inferential statistic
A
used to interpret data and draw conclusion
24
Q
statistical significance
A
the probability that the finding are due to chance is low if the p value is low. the difference btw to group results are real if it is a big difference
25
meta-analysis
combining results of many studies to reach a conclusion
26
aphasia
loss of language in broca or wenicke
27
Left cerebral hemisphere
verbal, mathematical, and analytical function
28
Right hemisphere
spatial, musical, and faces/expression
29
Evoked potential
EEGs resulting from a response to a specific stimulus
30
fMRI
show local brain activity
31
Meninges
menbrane protecting spinal cord and brain
32
cerebrospinal fluid
cover spinal cord produce by glial cells
33
gyri
peaks in cortex
34
sulci
valley in cortex
35
convolution
gyri and sulci that increase surface area in cortex. Deeper valley: fissures
36
Association areas
no specific sensory and motor function
37
contra-laterality
control one side of the body by the other side of the brain
38
parietal lobes
somatosensory
39
cell body
aka. cyton or soma
40
Axon (end)
axon terminal, terminal button, and synaptic knob
41
Myelin shealth
glial cells
42
neurogenesis
growth of new neurons (thorughout life)
43
Dopamine
alot: schizophrenia, less: parkinson's disease
44
Glutamate
stimulate cells, involve in schizophrenia and alzheimer
45
GABA
inhibits firing of neurons. malfunction associated w/ huntington's and seizures
46
Agonist
mimic neurotransmitter
47
Antagonist
block a receptor site
48
Neuron
is more negative inside the cell. outside: positive sodium ion. undoing this unbalance: depolarization
49
Nodes of Ranvier
segments of myelin
50
Saltatory conduction
depolarizing btw nodes of ranvier
51
excitatory
causes action potential
52
inhibitory
prevents action potential
53
reflex arc
path reflex travels
54
effector
muscle cell that contract
55
hypothalamus
control hormones in pituitary
56
thyroid
thyroxine, metabolic (neck)
57
parathyroid
(neck) maintain calcium ion in blood
58
adrenal glands
(kidney)
59
Pancreas
(stomach) insulin and glucagon
60
genes
predispose behavior, alcholism, schizophrenia and intell
61
Turner's syndrom
female with only one x
62
Klinefelter's syndrom
male w/ xxy
63
genotype
genetic makeup of individual
64
phenotype
expression of genes
65
Tay-Sachs syndrome
recessive trait that produces loss of nervous function and death in baby
66
albinism
recessive trait lack of pigment and percieve depth
67
PKY
recessive trait brain damage. diet with low phenylalanine necessary baby
68
huntington;s disease
dominant gene defect; degeneration of nervous system
69
sex linked traits
recessive genes on X w/o corresponding gene on Y
70
stimulus
a change in the envir that can b detected by sensory receptors
71
just noticeable difference
experience of the difference threshold
72
transduction
stimulus energy turns into electrochemical energy of neural impulses
73
sclera
white of the eye
74
potoreceptort
rods and cones
75
astigmatism
irregularity in shape of cornea and lens
76
dark adaptation
increased visual sensitivity that develops (decreases) when it gets darker
77
Eye
1. rod/cone
2. bipolar
3. ganglion
4. optic nerve
78
feature detector
individ neuron in the visual cortex that respond to specific visual stimuli
79
Wavelength
```
long (red)
short(violet)
high amplitude (height of sound wave: brighter object/loud sound
```
80
opponent process
red-green
| blue-yellow
81
frequency (theory: doesn't apply with high pitch)
determines pitch (highness or lowness of sound), place thoery. close: high, far: low pitch.
82
timbre
quality of sound by purity of waveform
83
cochlea
inside is basilar membrane, inside that is hair cells
84
Weber, two point discrimination test
amt. of cortex for each area is reltated to sensitivity
85
gustration
taste, chemical sense
86
fungiform papillae
containes taste bud
87
navatis
inborn, gibson
88
bottom-up processing
sensation into accurate perception.
| top-down: preexisting experience shape perception
89
gestalt
wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohla
90
Law of Pragnanz
human organize patterns in the simplest way
91
proximity
nearness as same pattern
92
closure
fill in gaps
93
similarity
part of a pateern
94
continuity
lines or patern
95
motion parallax
monocular, distances of objects when objects are moving
96
inerposition
close objects cuts of view of other objects
97
perceptual constancy
percieving an object as unchanging even
98
preconscious
outside of awareness but can be easily bought to conscious awareness
99
unconscious
processing info that we are unaware of
100
nonconscious
completely inaccessible
101
dual processing
processing info on conscious and unconscious level at the same time
102
stage 2
k complexes
103
McCarley and Hobson
activation-synthesis theory, brainstem stimulate brain in REM with random activity that can be interpreted as dreams
104
sleepwalking somnambulism
stage 4
105
analgesia
pain control
106
blood brain barrier
bells blpock substances blocking and aloowing spec substance to enter brain
107
depressants
sleeps, barbiturate, tranquilizer, and alchohol
108
narcotics
analgesics (pain reducers) depressing central nervous system. opiates - euphoria
109
Stimulant
reduces hunger, stimulate sympathetic nervous system
110
delayed conditioning
NS before UCS (strong)
111
Trace conditioning
NS then it disappeares before UCS
112
Simultaneous condition
UCS and NS are at the same time
113
backward conditioning
UCs before NS (Weak)
114
Watson and Rayner
baby albert classical conditioning
115
higher order conditioninhq
CS is pair with new NS
116
thorndike
instrumental learning: behavior becomes more or less likely depending on consequences
Law if Effect: behavior with positive consequences are strengthened, vice vesa
117
aversive conditioning
involving unpleasant stimulus
- Avoidance: take away the unpleasant stimulus before it begans
- Escape: take away unpleasant stimulus after it sarted
118
BF skinner (operant conditioning (box)
Premack principle: more likely behavior over less likely
| omission training: taking something of value from the subject
119
primary reinforcer
biologically important
120
secondary reinforcer
not need to survive
121
generalized reinforcer
secondary reinforcer that can get primary reinforcer
122
Shaping
positively reinforcing closer and closer to desired behavior
123
Chaining
has to do all steps until reward
124
contiguity model
pavlov, CS substitutes US
125
ratio: # of times
interval: time
fixed: know
variable: random
126
contingency model:
Rescorla, , animals can motivate themseves and learn to expect the US
127
blocking
cant turn NS to CS
128
bobo doll
Bandura
1. attention
2. retention
3. reproduction
4. motivation
129
mirror neurons
observational learning, activated: empathy
130
preparedness
easily learn behavior related to survival instinct
131
Garcia
rats and taste
132
Instinctive drift
wild animals getting rid of conditioned
133
Information processing model
- Encoding: putting in memory
- Storage: retention of info
- Retrieval: getting info
134
Level of Processing theory (semantic), Craik Lockhart, deep processing
- shallow processing: incoming sensory info
| - deep processing: meaning to make memories last
135
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
sensory: few sec
short term: 20 sec, 7 items
long term: permanent unlimitted
136
working memory model
- phonological loop: brief about language sound
- visuospatial working: visual and spcial
- central execitive: combine both and longterm
- actively: visual and auditory
137
semantic: facts and knowlede
episodic: pseronal events
138
procedural:
automatic task
139
Hierarchies
general to specific
140
Semantic networks
irregular system with links of one concept to another
141
Connectionism
memory in connection in neurons
142
anterograde amnesia
inability to put new into into explicit
143
retrograde amnesia
memory lost about past events
144
savings method
amt/ repition needed to relarn
145
primacy effect
better recall of first items
146
recency effect
better recall of last items
147
context-dependent memory
physical setting in which a person learns info is encoded with memory
148
state-ddpendent
things learned in one state is remembered when in that state again
149
confabulation
filling in gaps in memoery
150
surface structure
word or phrases
151
qdeep structure
meaning
152
holophase
one word
153
overgeneralization
grammar rules applied to irregulars
154
chomsky: nativist, already prepared for language
Whorf: language determines thinking
155
metacognition
thinking about thinking
156
inductive reasoning
specific to general
157
deductive reasoning
gneral to specific
158
normative studies
how we should make decisions
159
descriptive stidues
how decisions are actually made
160
representative heuristic
new things are judge based on sterotypical model
161
anchoring effect
tendency to be influence
162
convergent thinkers
one solution probelm solving
163
divergent thiners
produce many answers
164
cohort sequential
combines cross sectional and longitudinal
165
Piaget
senosrimotor
preoperational stage
concrete operational
formal operational
166
Frued
1. oral
2. anal
3. phallic (genetals)
3. laency (sexuality)
$. genital
167
extroversion: social
neuroticism: instability
psychotosm: toughmindedness, fiendlyness
