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10th grade > Lit Rhetorical Devices > Flashcards

Lit Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

1
Q

Abstract diction

A

refers to words that describe concepts rather than concrete images These words do not appeal imaginatively to the reader’s senses. Abstract words create no “mental picture” or any other imagined sensations for readers.

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2
Q

Absolutes

A

an adverbial clause that has an on finite verb or noverb at all (the clause is missing “was”or
“were” or it is replaced by a verbal, making it dependent).The prisoners marched past, their hands above their heads.

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3
Q

Academic diction

A

use of scholarly words or terms, e.g. “Kennedy employs many rhetorical strategies in his
speech, namely chiasmus, parallelism, allusion, and pathos.”

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4
Q

Activevoice

A

Insentenceswritteninactivevoice,thesubjectperformstheaction expressed in the verb; the subject acts.
Active: The dog bit the boy.
Passive: The boy was bitten by the dog.

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5
Q

Ad hominem fallacy

A

a fallacy of logic in which a person’s character or motive is attacked instead of that person’s argument.

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6
Q

Ad populum fallacy

A

popular appeal,or appeal to the majority.The fallacy of attempting to win popular assent to a conclusion by arousing the feeling and enthusiasms of the multitude.

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7
Q

Adverb

A

a part of speech usually ending in–lythatisusedchieflyasamodifierofanadjective(Sheisextremely pale.), a modifier of another adverb (The storm came very suddenly.), or as an adverbial (I visit my family frequently).

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8
Q

Adverbial

A

a sentence element used to convey a range of information about the situation depicted in the basic sentence structure (how, when, where, to what extent, or under what conditions).

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9
Q

Adverbial clause

A

a clause that has an adverb-like function in modifying another clause. I saw the movie before I left to Europe.

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10
Q

Allegory

A

a story where things represent abstract stuff

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11
Q

allusion

A

a brief or indirect reference to a person, place, event, or passage in a work of literature or the Bible assumed to be sufficiently well known to be recognized by the reader.

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12
Q

ambiguity

A

the expression of an idea in such a way that more than one meaning is suggested.

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13
Q

anadipolsis

A

the repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause:

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14
Q

Analogy

A

a comparison between two things in which the more complex is explained in terms of the more simple.

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15
Q

Anaphora

A

the repetition of introductory words or phrases

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16
Q

Anastrophe

A

departure from normal word order for the sake of emphasis. Normal syntax is violated.

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17
Q

Anecdote

A

a short entertaining account of some happening, frequently personal or biographical used to bring humor or to illustrate a particular characteristic or trait.

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18
Q

Annotation

A

Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.

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19
Q

Anticipating and addressing counter-arguments

A

When making the argument, the author, aware of what points his or her opponents will likely take exception to, anticipates these objections and then addresses them in his or her argument, thus strengthening his or her position. Refutation and concession are examples of this type of organizational strategy.

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20
Q

Antithesis

A

opposition or contrast emphasized by parallel structure.

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21
Q

Antecedent

A

thewordforwhichapronounstands.

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22
Q

Aphorism

A

a brief saying embodying a moral; a concise statement of a principle or precept given in pointed words.

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23
Q

Apostrophe

A

a strategy in which an absent person, inanimate object (the sun, for example), or abstract being
(Death) is addressed directly.

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24
Q

Appeal to authority/expert testimony

A

citation of information from people recognized for their special knowledge of a subject for the purpose of strengthening an author’s arguments.

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25
Q

Appositive

A

a noun phrase or clause which renames or describes another noun phrase or pronoun.

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26
Q

Argument

A

the logical (facts, statistics, hard evidence, etc.) and non-logical ideas or reasons a person uses to convince a specific audience.

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27
Q

Argumentation

A

writing that attempts to prove the validity of a proposition or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation.

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28
Q

Aristotelian logic

A

a formal logical system using syllogism in which propositions are given to support a conclusion that can be proven either by deduction or induction.

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29
Q

Assertion

A

the starting point of an argument, a general statement of belief or judgment that can be supported with specific evidence and examples

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30
Q

Assonance:

A

repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants; e.g. Early in the day, the neighs began to fade.

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31
Q

Assumption

A

an inference or conclusion, possibly based on some evidence.

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32
Q

Asyndeton

A

Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words

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33
Q

Balanced sentence structure

A

a sentence that has parallel phrases or clauses used to stress similar ideas

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34
Q

Bandwagon

A

either saying that supporting a specific cause/stance would result in the rejection of peers or using the popular support of a cause/stance to persuade others to support it as well:

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35
Q

Begging the question

A

fallacy of logical argument that assumes the reader will automatically accept an assertion without proper support.

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36
Q

Binary classification

A

the task of classifying the members of a given set of objects into two groups on the basis
of whether they have some property or not.

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37
Q

Cacophony

A

harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony

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38
Q

Caricature

A

descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person’s appearance or a facet of personality; used for comic effect or criticism

39
Q

Cause and effect

A

examination of the causes and/or effects of a situation or phenomenon; this can be an author’s main organizational strategy, or it can be one paragraph used to support a point in an essay developed through another pattern.

40
Q

Challenge

A

the author disagrees with a given assertion.

41
Q

Chiasmus

A

a syntactical structure by which the order of the terms in the first of two parallel clauses is reversed in the second.

42
Q

Chronological ordering: an organizational strategy

A

where events or actions are organized according to their

order of occurrence.

43
Q

Circular logic/thinking/reasoning

A

a fallacy which involves repeating assertions endlessly without real support.

44
Q

Classification as a means of ordering

A

an organizational strategy where objects are arranged according to class; e.g. media classified as print, television, and radio.

45
Q

Clause

A

a sentence-like construction that is contained within a sentence or a simple sentence, usually containing a subject and a verb or verbal.

46
Q

Coherence

A

quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle.

47
Q

Colloquial diction

A

words or phrases (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing which is usually inappropriate in formal writing

48
Q

colon

A

:

49
Q

Comic relief

A

something said or done that provides a break from the seriousness of the text.

50
Q

Complement

A

a sentence element that is required, by the meaning of the verb, to complete the sentence.

51
Q

Complex sentences

A

a sentence containing one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

52
Q

Compound sentences

A

two or more independent clauses (simple sentences) joined by a coordinating conjunction

53
Q

Conceit

A

a juxtaposition that makes a surprising connection between two seemingly different things. comparison

54
Q

Concession (Aristotelian concession)

A

You admit that the opposing claim is valid; however, you demonstrate how it is possible to
accept it without rejecting your whole argument. conceding a point in an argument means actually agreeing with the opponent on a particular issue.

55
Q

Concrete diction

A

words that describe specific, observable things, people, or

places, rather than ideas or qualities.

56
Q

Conjunction

A

words that link units of equal status (coordinating conjunctions) or introduce subordinate
clauses (subordinating conjunctions).

57
Q

Connotation

A

implied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader’s mind.

58
Q

Consonance:

A

repetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, a

59
Q

Contrast

A

showing how two or more texts, ideas or objects are different.

60
Q

Conundrum:

A

a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; it may also be a paradox or difficult problem: Which
came first, the chicken or the egg? But

61
Q

Convoluted sentences

A

long, complicated sentences that are often hard to follow because they are wordy and too many ideas are rolled together into one sentence.

62
Q

Coordinating conjunctions

A

words that can, with a comma, link two independent clauses

63
Q

Damning with faint praise

A

intentional use of a positive statement that has a negative implication; e.g.
“Your new hairdo is so….interesting.”

64
Q

Declarative sentences

A

a type of sentence structure used chiefly for making statements. The sentence structure is usually Subject/Verb/Object (SVO).

65
Q

Deduction

A

a form of reasoning using syllogism where the author begins with a generalization, then applies the generalization to a specific case or cases. Aristtotle

66
Q

Defend

A

the author agrees with a given assertion.

67
Q

Definition

A

making something clear or distinct

68
Q

Denotation

A

the literal or obvious meaning of a word

69
Q

Dependent clause

A

a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but cannot be a grammatical
sentence

70
Q

Description

A

he picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion,
sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse.

71
Q

Determiner

A

words that introduce noun phrases (the, a, an, this,

72
Q

Diction

A

choice of words especially with regard to correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.

73
Q

Didactic

A

writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach.

74
Q

Digression

A

a temporary departure from the main subject in speaking or writing.

75
Q

Dilemma

A

a type of conflict in which both choices have some negative consequences.

76
Q

Discourse

A

spoken or written language

77
Q

Diversion

A

a technique used to distract focus or divert attention away from key issues, usually by intensifying unrelated issues, or trivial factors, appeal to emotion

78
Q

Economy

A

a style of writing characterized by conciseness and brevity, short

79
Q

Ellipsis

A

any omitted part of speech that is easily understood in context there is an omitted/understood “were” between “people” and “groaning.”

80
Q

Epanalepsis

A

the repetition of the first word of one clause at the end of the clause

81
Q

Epigram

A

a brief, clever, and usually memorable statement.

82
Q

Epistrophe

A

the repetition of the same word or groups of words at the ends of phrases, clauses, or sentences.

83
Q

Euphemism

A

the use of a word or phrase that is less direct, but that is also less distasteful or less offensive than another

84
Q

Euphony

A

a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony.

85
Q

Evidence

A

something that furnishes proof in a reasoned argument

86
Q

Examples

A

an individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern.

87
Q

Exclamatory sentences

A

a type of sentence structure used chiefly to express strong feeling

88
Q

Explication

A

the art of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. Explication usually involves close
reading and special attention to figurative language.

89
Q

Explicit

A

fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity : leaving no question as to meaning or intent; stated directly

90
Q

Exposition

A

designed to convey information or explain what is difficult to understand through the use of facts, reasons, or examples; one of the four modes of discourse.

91
Q

Facts

A

knowledge or information based on real occurrences or data; statements that can be verified as true

92
Q

False causality

A

a fallacy of concluding that an event is caused by another event simply because it follows it

93
Q

False dilemma

A

a fallacy of logical argument which is committed when too few of the available alternatives are considered, and all but one are assessed and deemed impossible or unacceptable;

10th grade (45 decks)

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