protein metabolism 1 Flashcards
What are the 3 common metabolites/ metabolic fuels?
⮞ glucose
⮞ FAs
⮞ ketone bodies
what is the final product of protein metabolism?
urea
gimme the proteins with the short half life
PEST- proline, glutamate, serine, threonine
gimme the proteins with the long half lives over 100 hours
LAC- lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, cytochromes
what is the rate limiting enzyme for Glycolysis, that has a fast degradation
Phosphofuctokinanse 1 (PFK1)
what is the rate limiting enzyme for Krebs cycle, that has a fast degradation
citrate synthase
what is the rate limiting enzyme for HMP shunt, that has a fast degradation
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
what are the proteins that are SELECTIVELY lost from tissues that atrophy in response to fasting
PENTAPEPTIDE:
K - Lysine (saan mahahanap lysine: pork, fish,eggs, CHEESE -> KESO)
F -Phenylalanine (Frenylalanine) for me natatandaan ko siya ng ganyan. 😅
E - glutamate/glutamic acid (Excitatory NT)
R - Arginine (Rginine)
Q - Glutamine (Qtie Amine)
what are tissues that do not fast, that are unaffected
brain and testis (yung dalawang ulo)
this small protein tags/marks proteins for destruction
Ubiquitin, ATP-requiring
what are the 4 N-terminal amino acids, that binds to ubiquitin and will be degraded
⮞ Serine- for delayed one or non
⮞ Aspartic acid
⮞ Arginine- for the rapid one
⮞ Methionine
[Si SAAM]
what are FAGs used for in the body
Fibrinogen. Albumin, Globulin. used to synthesize proteins in the body
essential non-protein nitrogenous substances, are?
1)Purines. 2)Porphyrin requires Glycine. 3)Folic Acid requires glutamic Acid. 4)Creatine{GRM}. 5)Glutathione{GCE}
the liver is the central organ for metabolism of amino acids with the exemption of
Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine (they do be synthesized in the brain and muscles)
essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL (with arginine as a semi chenabells)
maize has zein that lacks
lacks tryptophan
3 enzymes that occupy central positions in the synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acids
⮞ Glutamate dehydrogenase (EDH)
⮞ Glutamine synthetase (QDH)
⮞ Aminotransferase
type of amino acid catabolism that removes an R-group
one carbon transfer
type of amino acid catabolism that removes a carboxyl group, and release as CO2
Decarboxylation
type of amino acid catabolism that adds O2
Oxygenation
serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine is derived from
tryptophan
Histamine is derived from
histidine
Catecholamine are derived from
Fenylalanine and tyrosine
In oxidative deamination, this enzyme converts glutamic acids 🡆 apha-ketoglutarate
glutamate dehydrogenase
what is the most active amino group acceptor
Alpha-ketoglutarate
what is the most active amino acid?
glutamic acid
what is the most active enzyme?
glutamate dehydrogenase
what are the 3 most important keto acids in the body?
⮞ Alpha-ketoglutarate(from glutamate)
⮞ Oxaloacetate(from aspartic acid)
⮞ Pyruvate(from alanine)
abnormal neural development with generalized aminoaciduria due to deficient L-amino acid oxidase in the body
Zellwegger or cerebrohepatorenal syndrome(CHRS)
What are the only D-amino acids found in humans?
⮞ D-aspartate
⮞ D-serine
2 enzymes involved in non-oxidative deamination
⮞ amino acid deHydrase
⮞ amino acid diSulfydrase
deaminates sulfur containing amino acids, with Vit B6 as co-factor
⮞ amino acid disulfhydrase
Cysteine, Homocysteine
deaminates amino acids with hydroxyl groups, with Vit B6 as co-factor
⮞ amino acid dehydrase
serine, threonine, tyrosine
all amino acids undergo transamination except
(LPTH) lysine, proline, threonine, hydroxyproline
what is the difference with transamination and oxidative and non-oxidative deamination?
Transamination 🡲 no release of ammonia
Non-oxidative/Oxidative Deamination 🡲 may release of ammonia
4 ways of detoxifying ammonia
(UGA and reversal EDH) 🡆 urea formation 🡆 asparagine formation 🡆 glutamine formation 🡆 reversal of the glutamate DH reaction
this is a major nitrogenous excretory product, that is almost exclusively synthesized in the liver
Urea ( normal concentration 30-60um)
how many ATPs are produced in the urea cycle?
none, gumagamit kalang, 2 moles of ATP in 1st, and 3rd reaction. in total of 4 per cycle
Rate limiting steps in the urea cycle
step 1- CPS1
step 2- Ornithine Transcarbomylase
step 5- Arginase
[hirap nung mga tanong, COTA na]
Process that is the major source of ATP
oxidation phosphorylation
Lysosomal selective pathway is only activated only
AFTER a prolonged fast
Incomplete protein found in rice?
Oryzenin
Decarboxylation leads to the formation of
biologic amines
Serotonin/5-Hydroxytryptamine causes
smooth muscle contraction
3 most important Keto-Acids in the body?
⮞ Pyruvate 🡰 Alanine (A)
⮞ Alpha-Ketoglutarate 🡰 Glutamic Acid (E)
⮞ Oxaloacetate 🡰 Aspartic Acid (D)
aminotransferases requires the participation of aldehyde-containing coenzyme which is?
(PL5P) Pyridoxal-5-phosphate from B6
Regulation of the Urea Cycle by the following
- Substrate availability
- Allosteric activation of CPS I by N-AGA
- Induction/Repression ng synthesis of enzymes ng urea cycle
CPS II is utilized for?
Pyrimidine synthesis
Ammonia 🡆 removed from blood 🡆 urea 🡆 from ____
Liver
HHH syndrome caused by a mutation in the Ornithine Transporter Gene. What is the 3 H’s?
⮞ HYPERammonemia
⮞ HYPERornithenemia
⮞ HOMOcitrullinuria
how many NH3 are detoxified per turn of the Urea cycle?
2 ammonia
from the 1st and 3rd reaction
What will happen to the krebs cycle if it runs out of alpha-ketoglutarate?
it STOPS 🡆 no ATP formation in brain 🡆 coma
usually from severe liver diseases (hepa B)
