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BIOCHEMISTRY > carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced during glycolysis?

A

NADH is produced

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2
Q

which statements below about glucose is NOT true

A

it is catabolized in gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

TRUE of hexokinase

A

it requires ATP in the reaction it catalyzes

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4
Q

TRUE regarding phospho-gluco-isomerase catalysis

A

the reaction is readily REVERSIBLE

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5
Q

TRUE of PFK

A

it is activated by high concentrations of ATP

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6
Q

Which of the following occurs during the aldolase reaction

A

one six carbon molecule is split into 2 molecules of 3 carbons each

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7
Q

during the breakdown of fructose-1,6-biphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by aldolase enzyme, how does a cell overcome the energy barrier?

A

by pushing and pulling process

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8
Q

TRUE about Triosephosphate isomerase(TPI)

A

the TPI enzyme catalyze interconversions of 1,3- biphosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolysis pathway

deficiency of this, results in the accumulation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP)

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9
Q

TRUE of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

it is the only molecule in glycolysis that gets oxidized

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10
Q

TRUE of the conversion of 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

A

it results in substrate level phosphorylation

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11
Q

TRUE of 2,3 biphosphoglycerate

A

it can be produced from 1,3 BPG and 3 phosphoglycerate

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12
Q

TRUE of phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)

A

it is very high energy compound

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13
Q

which of the following statements about pyruvate kinase is NOT true

A

the reaction it catalyzes is readily reversible

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14
Q

molecule that participates in the release of O2 from hemoglobin at the tissue or metabolically active cell sites

A

2,3-biphosphoglycerate

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15
Q

TRUE of pyruvate kinase

A

it must be REGULATED for gluconeogenesis to function

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16
Q

TRUE of pyruvate

A

it is made into lactate during fermentation

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17
Q

which of the ff statements about fermentation is incorrect

A

it requires acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

TRUE of fermentation: Anaerobically, SIMPLY as extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.

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18
Q

under AEROBIC conditions, what does the pyruvate get converted into

A

acetyl-CoA

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19
Q

TRUE of the futile cycle

A

they use energy and produce no net amount of molecules

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20
Q

the higher concentrations of AMP molecules activate which enzyme?

A

PFK

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21
Q

higher concentrations of citrate activate which enzyme

A

FBPase (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)

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22
Q

TRUE of gluconeogenesis

gluconeogenesis and glycolysis -> highly exergonic under cellular conditions

A

it bypasses three enzyme reactions of glycolysis

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23
Q

pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes which type of reaction

A

a reaction that requires biotin (B7)

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24
Q

TRUE about the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK)

A

gluconeogenic enzyme

allows hepatic parenchymal cells to produce glucose from pyruvate derived from amino acid metabolism

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25
Q

true to fructose 1,6-biphosphatase (F1,6BP)

A

it releases phosphate in reaction it catalyzes

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26
Q

TRUE of glucose-6-phosphatase

A

release free glucose into the bloodstream: liver, kidney, and small intestinal epithelium.

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27
Q

true of glycogen

A

it is a storage form of glucose in animals

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28
Q

glycogen phosphorylase does which of the following

A

it uses phosphate to create glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen

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29
Q

Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) does which of the

following:

A

catalyzes the interconversion of glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate via glucose 1,6-diphosphate (G1,6DP) intermediate
IT IS A KEY ENZYME in: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis.

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30
Q

true regarding the breakdown of galactose

A

It occurs ultimately in glycolysis

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31
Q

Debranching enzyme does

A

Transfers part of a glucose branch of

glycogen and releases free glucose

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32
Q

Which of the following is true of UDP (Uridine diphosphate) glucose?

A

It is an activated intermediate with a high
energy bond
glycosyltransferase reactions

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33
Q

Which of the following statements about
regulation of glycogen metabolism is
incorrect?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase A is the

dephosphorylated form of the enzyme

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34
Q

Which of the following enzyme is not
matched correctly to the reaction carried by
it?

A

Phosphoglucomutase - galactose-1-

phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate

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35
Q

Branching enzyme in glycogen synthesis

helps in the formation of what linkage

A

Alpha 1,6 linkage

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36
Q

Which of the following hormones

participates in the glycogen breakdown

A

Glucagon

37
Q

Which of the following signaling molecules
inside the cell promote the glycogen
breakdown

A

cAMP

38
Q

Which of the following enzyme plays a key
role in the reversal of the effect of
phosphorylation cascade during glycogen
metabolism

A

Protein phosphatase 1

39
Q

The epinephrine - triggered cAMP cascade
leads to the deactivation of which of the
following

A

Glycogen synthase

40
Q

Which statement below about the

metabolism of fructose is not true?

A

It is inhibited by excess glucose

41
Q

Which of the following is true of

phosphodiesterase?

A

It does not cut cAMP in the presence of

caffeine

42
Q

Which of the following statements about

insulin is not true?

A

It stimulates release of glucose from cells

43
Q

Which statement regarding the pentose

phosphate pathway is true?

A

It generates intermediates for other

pathways

44
Q

Which statement regarding the 10
molecules in the pentose phosphate pathway
is true?

A

They all are sugars or sugar derivatives

45
Q

Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase can result in which of the
following?

A

Anemia

46
Q

Which statement regarding the reaction
catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase is true?

A

It is the rate-limiting step of the pentose

pathway (PPP)

47
Q

Which statement regarding the reaction
catalyzed by 6 - phosphogluconate
dehydrogenase is true?

A

It is the only decarboxylation of the

pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

48
Q

Which statement regarding ribose-5-

phosphate isomerase is true?

A

It catalyzes the formation of ribose-5-

phosphate

49
Q

Which of the following enzymes participate
in fructose metabolism before glycolysis?
(Chose all that apply)

A

D. Fructokinase

E. Fructoaldolase

50
Q

Which statement regarding transketolase

is true?

A

It requires thiamine pyrophosphate to

function

51
Q

Which statement regarding transaldolase

is true?

A

It mostly catalyzes the transfer of 1-carbon

units

52
Q

Which condition results when

transaldolase enzyme is deficient

A

Liver cirrhosis

53
Q

Which compounds are the connectivity

points for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)

54
Q

Which of the following amino acids is not
synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate of the
citric acid cycle?

A

Tyrosine

55
Q

Which of the following statements is not

true regarding the citric acid cycle?

A

The citric acid cycle enables the yeast or a
bacterial cell to get metabolic energy from
acetyl CoA in the absence of oxygen

56
Q

Which of the following statement is not

true regarding the pyruvate dehydrogenase ?

A

The pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme
converts the acetaldehyde to ethanol in
the yeast cell in the absence of oxygen

57
Q

Which of the following is not correctly

matched?

A

Malate : gluconeogenesis

58
Q

How many oxidation reactions take place

in the citric acid cycle?

A

Four

59
Q

Which of the following enzymes are unique

to the glyoxylate cycle?

A

D. Malate synthase

E. Isocitrate lyase

60
Q

Which of the following statements is not

correct regarding the glyoxylate cycle

A

The glycoxylate cycle is exclusive to the
muscle cells as it helps in the synthesis of
glucose from the acetyl CoA during
contraction process

61
Q

Which of the following molecule acts as a
branch point between the synthesis of ketone
bodies and cholesterol in animal bodies

A

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA

62
Q

Which of the following enzyme is not a part

of ketone body metabolism?

A

FBPase

63
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding
the energy output per cycle of the citric acid
cycle?

A

3 NADH2, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

64
Q

Which of the following enzyme of citric
acid is embedded in the inner mitochondrial
membrane?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

65
Q

Which of the following enzyme participates

in both the TCA cycle and ETC?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

66
Q

Which of the following molecules is central
to most of the biological reactions in the cell
during metabolism?

A

Acetyl CoA

67
Q

The reaction that helps maintain normal acid-base balance is:

A

glutaminase

68
Q

GABA is an inhibitory NT because it causes:

A

influx of chloride ions

69
Q

Which AA test dose administration is used to diagnose folate deficiency (B9)?

A

histidine

70
Q

Which AA test dose administration is used to diagnose pyridoxal phosphate deficiency (B6)?

A

tryptophan

71
Q

TRUE about thyroglobulin

A

it contains 115 tyrosine residues

72
Q

TRUE of the concentration of IODIDE

A

it is an energy dependent process and is linked to the ATPase dependent Na-K pump

73
Q

Intracellular calcium is mobilized in the cytoplasm by this PIP2-derived 2nd msgr

A

inositol triphosphate

74
Q

TRUE about mineralocorticoids

A

synthesis of mineralocorticoids depends on the presence of enzyme 18-hydroxylase (18-hydroxycorticosterone)

75
Q

TRUE of glycemic index

A

foods with a low glycemic index cause less fluctuations in insulin secretion

76
Q

This water-soluble vitamin requires a specific transport protein:

A

cobalamin (B12)

gastric intrinsic factor (IF)
cubilin receptor
transcobalamin II (transporter)
TC II-R (receptor)

77
Q

form of vitamin A that involves regulation of gene expression

A

retinoic acid

78
Q

main storage of vitamin D is

A

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

79
Q

This vitamin participates in the transfer of 1-carbon methyl units:

A

folic acid (B9)

80
Q

These peptides arise from the PRO-OPIO-MELANO-CORTIN gene

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone
corticotropin-like intermediate lope peptide
adrenocorticotrophic hormone

81
Q

List of glycoproteins to remember

A

TSH
FSH
HCG

Prolactin is not a glycoprotein, its a polypeptide. Single-chain and secreted by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary.

82
Q

MOST utilized pathway for testosterone synthesis in human testes

A

DHEA pathway (de-hydro-epi-androsterone)

83
Q

Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in the mitochondria of the testes is promoted by:

A

Luteinizing hormone

84
Q

The glycemic index is a measure of:

A

digestibility

85
Q

The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis involves:

A

an enzyme inhibited allosterically by the product

86
Q

Coenzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

biotin, coenzyme A, lipoic acid

NOT pyridoxine

87
Q

This enzyme of the krebs cycle catalyzes a substrate level phosphorylation reaction:

A

succinate thiokinase

88
Q

Reactions that synthesizes purine nucleotides

A

synthesis forms amphibolic intermediates
phosphoribosylation of nucleobases
phosphorylation of purine nucleosides

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